Beta lactams as modulators of glutamate uptake and methods for use thereof

ABSTRACT

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise compounds, compositions, methods useful for the treatment of drug addiction, drug withdrawal, and diseases or conditions that involve dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis in its etiology.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 national stage patent application of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2017/029811, filed Apr. 27, 2017, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/329,520, filed Apr. 29, 2016, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under 5RC1DA028153-02 awarded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), and under N00244-09-1-0070 awarded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for the enhancement of glutamate uptake, useful in the treatment of drug addiction, drug withdrawal, related conditions and diseases that involve modulation of glutamate uptake in their etiology such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), malignant glioma, glioblastomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Illicit drug use continues to be a major public health concern in the United States. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services' 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (US DDHS Report, 2009), an estimated 8.7% (21.8 million) of Americans age 12 or older reported being “current” illicit drug users, defined as having used a drug within one month of the survey. While the estimated number of American cocaine users age 12 or older has declined somewhat since 2006, it remains a major health concern, with approx. 16.7 million Americans (0.7% of the population) claiming to have used cocaine within a month of answering the survey. In addition, cocaine use is often seen as a complicating factor in cases of polyaddiction. There is a high prevalence of co-use of cocaine among heroin users (Leri et al., 2003). A high level of cocaine use has been shown to be an independent predictor of poor treatment outcome among heroin-dependent polydrug abusers (Downey et al., 2000). A degree of success in reducing heroin intake has been achieved through the use of opiate modulators such as methadone and buprenorphine (Stotts et al., 2009). However, studies suggest that the majority of cocaine/heroin abusers treated with methadone continued to use cocaine, even when the methadone reduced their heroin intake (Hartel et al., 1995; Magura et al., 1998). Thus, cocaine abuse represents a significant and complex health issue.

Addiction and recovery from addiction are characterized by a number of stages, each of which involves adaptations by various neurotransmitter systems (La Moel and Koob, 2007). In the early stages of the addiction process, the substance's ability to deliver reward plays a major role in drug use and continued use. As neuroadaptations take place over time, negative reinforcement augments the reward value of the drug, leading to dependence. Ultimately, when the drug is withdrawn after the establishment of dependence, a craving state occurs which can lead to relapse. Chronic exposure to cocaine induces marked alterations to the brain that make it difficult for many victims to withdraw from its use (Kreek and Koob, 1998; Bossert et al., 2005; Kreek et al., 2009). Dopaminergic signaling pathways play an important role in the reward learning and hedonic effects of cocaine abuse. However, several neurotransmitter systems may also be involved in addiction, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), endocannabanoids, glutamate, endogenous opioids and serotonin (Goldstein and Volkow, 2002; Kalivas and Volkow, 2005). This complexity has made treatment of cocaine dependence a difficult goal to achieve. There are currently no FDA-approved medications for the treatment for cocaine addiction or withdrawal and there remains an urgent need for such medications (Van den Brink and van Ree, 2003; Kenna et al., 2007).

A number of marketed drugs and experimental agents targeting many of these neurotransmitter systems have recently entered clinical trials for the treatment of cocaine. Conventional efforts have targeted dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine systems. The strategy has resulted in the evaluation of at least 14 drugs as potential treatments (e.g. dopamine transporter inhibitors, L-DOPA, monoamine oxidase type B isozyme inhibitors, dopamine-releasing agents, dopamine D3 antagonists, 5-HT1A partial agonists, 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, etc.) (Vorel et al., 2002). Most of these agents produce adverse effects, including abuse liability, which limit their usefulness as abuse-deterrents. Other compounds being tested for cocaine addiction treatment are an anti-cocaine vaccine that retards entry of cocaine into the brain and a bacterial cocaine esterase that hydrolyzes cocaine into a nonpsychoactive metabolite (Ko et al., 2009; Kinsey et al., 2010). However, evidence that cocaine esterase has limited value in treating cocaine toxicity underscores the need to investigate alternative approaches (Shy et al., 2010).

Separately, Glioblastomas are malignant astrocytic tumors (WHO grade 4) and the most frequently occurring brain tumors. Disease prevalence is 1/100,000, and approximately 19,000 cases and 13,000 glioma related deaths are reported in the U.S. annually (Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Ward, E., Murray, T., Xu, J., Smigal, C. and Thun, M. J. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2006, 56, 106-130.) Glioblastomas can occur at any age, but 70% of cases occur in patients between 45 and 70. In addition, malignant gliomas are the most common solid cancer in children (Maher, C. O. and Raffel C. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 2004, 51, 327-357). Survival time can be up to 5 years, but patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a deadly, invasive tumor, succumb to the disease within 6-12 months (Huncharek, M. and Muscat, J. Anticancer Res. 1998, 18, 1303-1311). The disease progresses rapidly (2-3 months) and symptoms resulting from intracranial hypertension are non-specific (headaches, vomiting, behavioral changes, neurological deficits), making diagnosis difficult. While there has been progress in developing new chemotherapeutic agents for many classes of cancer, there has been little progress towards the development of chemotherapeutic agents for malignant gliomas. Treatment options are limited, and often begin with surgery and biopsy to confirm diagnosis, but complete resection is rarely feasible, as tumor cells often infiltrate healthy brain tissue. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be employed, but the benefits from adjuvant treatments are modest as indicated by the minimal improvement in clinical outcomes using growth factor receptor antagonist treatments (EGFR, \PDGFR), mTOR inhibitors, AKT inhibitors, and PKC inhibitors((a) Adamson C, Kanu 00, Mehta A I, Di C, Lin N, Mattox A K, Bigner D. D. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2009, 18:1061-1083. (b) Dresemann G. Ann Oncol 2005; 16:1702-1708, Reardon, D. A., Egorin, M. J., Quinn, J. A., J. Clin Oncol 2005, 23, 9359-9368). Unfortunately, tumor incidence has increased over the past 30 years (Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Ward, E., Murray, T., Xu, J., Smigal, C. and Thun, M. J. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2006, 56, 106-130) and prognosis is poor in the majority of cases (Azizi S. A. and Miyamoto C. J. Neurovirol. 1998, 4, 204-216).

Separately, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating disease characterized by the death of both upper and lower motor neurons in the motor cortex of the brain, the brain stem, and the spinal cord. This leads to diminished motor function, muscle wasting, and death in 3-5 years. The lifetime risk of developing ALS is 1 in 1,000, and there are approximately 35,000 patients in the US with ALS. The financial burden of ALS is significant with late stage ventilation treatment typically lasting up to 2 years at a cost of up to $400K per year. To date, Riluzole is the only medication approved for the treatment of ALS. The current standard of care is 50 mg of Riluzole daily and palliative drugs to address disease symptoms. The clinical efficacy of this therapy is limited, however, as it increases life expectancy by only 2-3 months after 15 months of treatment.

It has been demonstrated that nearly 75% of ALS patients have significantly decreased GLT-1 levels, which contributes to the rapid decline of patients via glutamate toxicity and neuronal cell death. Modulation of GLT-1 expression levels in ALS patients is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in ALS. The SOD1 mouse model of ALS is based upon the decreased expression of GLT-1 in this strain of mouse. It has been demonstrated that ceftriaxone, a beta-lactam antibiotic, increases the expression of GLT-1 in the SOD1 mouse model of ALS, and this increase in GLT-1 increases the mean survival time of the SOD1 mouse through increased expression of GLT-1 (Rothstein, J. D.; Patel, S.; Regan, M. R.; Haenggeli, C.; Huang, Y. H.; Bergles, D. E.; Jin, L.; Hoberg, M. D.; Vidensky, S.; Chung, D. S.; Toan, S. V.; Bruijn, L. I.; Su, Z. Z.; Gupta, P; Fisher, P. B. Nature, 2005, 433, 73-77). Harmine, a beta-carboline alkaloid, also increases GLT-1 expression in the SOD1 mouse model of ALS (Li, Y.; Sattler, R.; Yang, E. J.; Nunes, A.; Ayukawa, Y.; Akhtar, S.; Ji, G.; Zhang, P. W; Rothstein, J. R. Neuropharmacology, 2011, 60, 1168-1175). Neither of these compounds has been approved for clinical uses as a treatment for ALS, and to date there are no modulators of glutamate uptake available for clinical use as treatments for ALS.

Separately, neuropathic pain is a collection of chronic conditions resulting from damage or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system. More than 15 million people suffer from neuropathic pain in the US and Europe (American Chronic Pain Association). Symptoms can include dysesthesia, hyperesthesia, deep, aching pain, hyperalgesia, allodynia, parathesia, hyperpathia. Pain sensations reported in neuropathic pain conditions include burning, stabbing, aching and shooting as well as electric-shock, cold and “pins and needles”-like sensations. Neuropathic pain can be caused by a number of conditions, including physical trauma, stroke, diabetic neuropathy, nerve damage resulting from viral infection, amputation, chemotherapy, multiple sclerosis, cancer and alcoholism, Unlike normal nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain is not well managed by typical agents like opiate analgesics can anti-inflammatory agents. Currently available agents identified to target neuropathic pain such as antidepressants (duloxetine, venlafaxine, milnacipran, amytriptylene, desipramine) and antiepileptic agents (pregabilin, gabapentin, carbamazepine, oxycarbazepine) also provide limited relief.

Animal models have shown that neuropathic pain is associated with a decrease of glial GLT-1 expression (Ren, K.; Dubner. Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol. 2008, 21, 570-579; Xin, W.-J.; Weng, H.-R.; Dougherty, P. Molecular Pain, 2009, 5, 15, doi:10.1186/1744-8069-5-15). A reduction in glutamate uptake activity results in an increase in synaptic glutamate concentrations, leading to neuronal hyperexcitability and hyperalgesia. Ceftriaxone, a beta-lactam antibiotic that upregulates GLT-1 expression, displays anit-nociceptive activity in a number of models of neuropathic pain (Hu, Y.; Li, W.; Lu, L.; Cai, J.; Xian, X.; Zhang, M.; Li, Q.; Li, L. Pain, 2010, 148, 284-301; Amin, B.; Hajhashemi, V.; Abnous, K.; Hosseinzadeh, H., Biomed. Res. Int. 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/937568; Hajhashemi, V.; Hosseinzadeh, H.; Amin, B. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 2012, 1, 27-32; Nicholson, K. J.; Gilliland, T. M.; Winkelstein, B. A., J. Neurosci. Res. 2014, 92, 116-129; Stepanovic, R. M.; Micov, A. M.; Tomic, M. A.; Kovacevic, J. M.; Boskovic, B. D. Anesthesiology 2014, 120, 737-750; Eljaja, L.; Bjerrum, O. J.; Honore, P. H.; Abrahamsen, B. Scandinavian J. Pain, 2011, 2, 132-136).

Separately, there is clinical and preclinical evidence that implicates dysregulation of glutamate (Glu) homeostasis in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Learning and memory are heavily dependent upon tight regulation of Glu neurotransmission, and disruption of this process can lead to increased synaptic Glu concentration, Glu-induced excitotoxicity, and neuron death (Grenamyre J T. Arch Neurol. 43; 1058-1063, 1986, Zadori D, et al. J Alzheim. Dis. 42 Suppl 3:S177-87, 2014. Mota S I, et al. Neuropharmacology. 2014 January; 76 Pt A:16-26, Paula-Lima A C, J. Neurochem. 126(2):191-202, 2013). The maintenance of Glu homeostasis is primarily dependent on transporters. The excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are a family of proteins that remove Glu from the synapse via coupling the transport of Na⁺ and K⁺ down their concentration gradients, which drives Glu into the cell (Anderson C M, Swanson R A. Glia 32(1); 1-14, 2000). There are five EAATs in the mammalian nervous system, named EAAT1-5. Quantitative measurements of transporter densities (Furuta A, et al. J. Neurosci. 17; 8363-8375, 1997., Sims K, Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 13; 169-197, 1999., Lehere K P, et al. J. Neurosci. 15; 1835-1853, 1995) and glutamate uptake (Rothstein J D, et al. Neuron 16(3); 675-86, 1996) indicate that EAAT1 (rodent GLAST) and EAAT 2 (rodent GLT-1) are the most abundant Glu transporters in brain tissue. Furthermore, GLT-1 is responsible for 90% of the total CNS Glu uptake. Importantly, GLT-1 activity is significantly reduced in early stage AD and the loss of GLT-1 correlates with cognitive decline (Kim K, et al. J. Cell Physiol. 226; 2484-2493, 2011. Volk L, et al. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 38; 127-49, 2015). Further, decreased GLT-1 gene expression and protein levels have also been reported in the hippocampus of AD patients. These clinical observations suggest that changes in GLT-1 expression are related to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, and recent observation in transgenic mouse models support this hypothesis. Specifically, knockdown of GLT-1 in mice harboring two familial Alzheimer's disease mutations (AβPPswe and PS1ΔE9) significantly exacerbated cognitive decline, but Aβ pathology remained unchanged (13).

Separately, there is evidence implicating GLT-1 expression and glutamate dysregulation in epilepsy. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that mice that are homozygously deficient in GLT-1 are significantly more vulnerable to seizures and epilepsy (Tanaka, K. et. al. Science, 1609-1702). Further, these same studies demonstrated that these mice were prone to lethal spontaneous seizures as a result of decreased GLT-1 expression and loss of glutamate homeostasis in the brain. These findings suggest that restoration of GLT-1 expression and glutamate homeostasis may represent a novel approach to the treatment and prevention of epilepsy and seizure disorders. To date, however, there are no clinically useful therapies that apply this approach.

Separately, Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a non-progressive motor disorder that affects 1:300 live births annually within the United States alone. Even though it is classified as a motor disorder, it is caused by damage to the brain either in utero or within the first year after birth. Within the CP brain, there is conspicuous damage to the oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the brain. This damage, known as Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL), is a neurological hallmark seen in patients with CP. In addition to motor problems, cognitive deficits, ranging from mild to severe, also occur in over 75% of patients with CP. Current therapies for CP involve symptom management only, including mechanical braces, invasive spinal surgery and drugs to help treat spasticity and other negative motor symptoms. Although decades of research have focused on the white matter damage and subsequent neuronal cell loss in CP, little advancement has been made in understanding the cause or developing a cure. In fact, even with the major advances in neonatal medicine over the last 30 years, the incidence of CP remains unchanged.

Recent studies have implicated the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate as an underlying cause of the brain damage seen in CP (Back et al., 2007; Khwaja and Volpe, 2008; Shen et al., 2010). During critical brain developmental periods, the neurons and oligodendrocytes in the brain are highly susceptible to glutamate toxicity, and these periods coincide with the time in which CP occurs in utero (Johnston and Hoon, 2006). Glutamate toxicity in CP cases is thought to be tied to an in utero loss of oxygen and blood flow (hypoxia-ischemia) to the fetal brain, mostly likely combined with, or due to an intrauterine infection or inflammation (Johnston and Hoon, 2006; Burd et al., 2009). Neurons in the neonatal brain also release excess glutamate, leading to glutamate toxicity and cell death. In principle, increased GLT-1 expression by either neurons or astrocytes would prevent the toxic build-up of glutamate by increasing synaptic glutamate clearance, but to date there are no clinically useful therapies capable of addressing this issue. To date, there are no treatment capable of preventing or treating CP.

There is a need in the art for compounds that modulate glutamate uptake and that may be useful in the treatment of diseases and disorders involved with glutamate uptake, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), malignant glioma, glioblastomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain. The present invention addresses this need in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention includes novel modulators of glutamate uptake, such as compounds of formula (I),

including hydrates, solvates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs and complexes thereof, wherein:

A is selected from the group consisting of

e is 1 or 2;

g is 1, 2, or 3;

n is 1 or 2;

m is 1, 2, or 3;

q is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, C(O)R², C(O)OR³, C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b), SO₂R⁵, SO₂NH₂, and SO₂NR^(5a)R^(5b);

each occurrence of R² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

each occurrence of R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

each occurrence of R^(4a) is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

each occurrence of R^(4b) is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

each occurrence of R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

R^(5a) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

R^(5b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and C(O)R⁸;

R^(7a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy, C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy, and optionally substituted aryl;

R^(7b) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy, C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy;

R^(7c) hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

each occurrence of R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl;

R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy, C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl, NR^(12a)R^(12b) NHC(O)R¹³, NHC(O)OR¹³, NHSO₂R⁵, and NHSO₂NH₂;

R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl;

R^(11a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C(O)R², C(O)OR³, C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b), SO₂R⁵, and SO₂NH₂;

R^(11b) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl; or R^(11a) and R^(11b) may optionally be joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 3, 4, or 5 atoms; or R^(11a) and R^(11b) may optionally be joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 6 or 7 atoms, optionally containing an group selected from oxygen, sulfur and NR¹⁴;

each occurrence of R^(12a) and R^(12b) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, or R^(12a) and R^(12b) may optionally be joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 atoms;

each occurrence of R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl;

R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl;

X is selected from the group consisting of CR^(15a)R^(15b) and NR¹⁶;

R^(15a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl NR^(12a)R^(12b), NHC(O)R¹³, and NHC(O)OR¹³;

R^(15b) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl;

R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted benzyl, C(O)R², C(O)OR³, C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b), SO₂R⁵, and SO₂NH₂; and

R^(17a) and R^(17b) are at each occurrence independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl.

The present invention further relates to compositions comprising: an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention also relates to a method for treating drug addiction, drug withdrawal, related conditions, and diseases that involve dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis in their etiology, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.

The present invention yet further relates to a method for treating drug addiction, drug withdrawal, related conditions, and diseases that involve dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis in their etiology, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention also relates to a method for treating or preventing disease or conditions associated with drug addiction, drug withdrawal, related conditions, and diseases that involve dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis in their etiology. Said methods comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.

The present invention yet further relates to a method for treating or preventing disease or conditions associated with drug addiction, drug withdrawal, related conditions, and diseases that involve dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis in their etiology, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention also relates to a method for treating or preventing disease or conditions associated with dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis. Said methods comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.

The present invention yet further relates to a method for treating or preventing disease or conditions associated with dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention also relates to a method for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.

The present invention yet further relates to a method for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention also relates to a method for treating malignant glioma, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.

The present invention yet further relates to a method for treating malignant glioma, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention also relates to a method for treating glioblastomas, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.

The present invention yet further relates to a method for treating glioblastomas, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention also relates to a method for treating glioblastoma multiforme, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.

The present invention yet further relates to a method for treating glioblastoma multiforme, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention also relates to a method of treating and preventing cerebral palsy, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.

The present invention yet further relates to a method of treating and preventing cerebral palsy, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention also relates to a method of treating and preventing Alzheimer's disease, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.

The present invention yet further relates to a method of treating and preventing Alzheimer's disease, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention also relates to a method of treating and preventing epilepsy, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.

The present invention yet further relates to a method of treating and preventing epilepsy, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention also relates to a method of treating and preventing neuropathic pain, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.

The present invention yet further relates to a method of treating and preventing neuropathic pain, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention and an excipient.

The present invention further relates to a process for preparing the compounds of the present invention.

These and other objects, features, and advantages will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from a reading of the following detailed description and the appended claims. All percentages, ratios and proportions herein are by weight, unless otherwise specified. All temperatures are in degrees Celsius (° C.) unless otherwise specified. All documents cited are in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

There is a long felt need for new treatments of illicit drug addiction, drug withdrawal, and related conditions that are effective in treating patients for these conditions. There is also a long felt need for new treatments for diseases that involve modulation of glutamate uptake in their etiology such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), malignant glioma, glioblastomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain. The present invention addresses the need for new treatments of illicit drug addiction, drug withdrawal, and related conditions. The present invention also addresses the long felt need for new treatments for and means of preventing diseases that involve modulation of glutamate uptake in their etiology such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), malignant glioma, glioblastomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain. The beta lactams of the present invention are capable of treating drug addiction, withdrawal, related conditions and diseases that involve the modulation of glutamate uptake in their etiology such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), malignant glioma, glioblastomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain.

One neurotransmitter system that may have implications in addiction to multiple classes of illicit drugs is the glutamate system (Tzschentke and Wchmidt, 2003). Glutamate may be involved in many of the behaviors associated with addiction, and data suggest that dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis may play a significant role in the addiction process (Kalivas, 2009; Reissner and Kalivas, 2010). Chronic exposure to cocaine results in decreased levels of synaptic glutamate in the projections from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens which, in turn, induces adaptive changes to the neurophysiology of the glutamatergic synapse (Schmidt and Pierce, 2010). The result of these changes is an impaired ability to regulate the increases in synaptic glutamate that occur in response to reinstatement of the drug, which may contribute to drug seeking and relapse. Among the changes that have been identified include down regulation of the cystiene-glutamate exchanger (xCT, the primary non-synaptic glutamate transporter) and GLT-1 (EAAT2, the primary synaptic glutamate transporter, located on astrocytes). It has been hypothesized that modulation of one or both of these transporter activities might stabilize cocaine-induced imbalance in glutamate homeostasis. Therefore, the cysteine-glutamate exchanger (xCT) and GLT-1 represent potential drug targets for treating cocaine craving and relapse.

Self-administration of cocaine by rats resulted in a reduction in both GLT-1 and cystine-glutamate exchanger expression. Until 2005, little pharmacological evidence existed that correlated GLT-1 enhancement with beneficial effects on cocaine dependence. Nakagura et al. (2005) showed that MS-153, a glutamate transport activator, inhibited the conditioned place preference induced by cocaine. However, the relevance of that data is compromised by the finding that MS-153 can also modulate glutamate release through its indirect activity on voltage-gated calcium channels (Uneishi et al., 1999). A blinded screen of 1,040 FDA-approved drugs and nutritionals identified the β-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone (CTX) as a stimulator of GLT-1 expression (Rothstein et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2008). Ceftriaxone inhibits abstinence withdrawal from cocaine in a planarian model (Rawls et al., 2008), prevents relapse to cocaine seeking in rats and restores GLT-1 and cystine-glutamate exchanger levels that have been decreased by repeated cocaine administration (Sari et al., 2009; Knackstead et al., 2010).

The data with ceftriaxone suggests that a GLT-1 expression modulator could be useful for treating cocaine withdrawal. The data with ceftriaxone also suggests that a xCT expression modulator could be useful for treating cocaine withdrawal. However, ceftriaxone itself is not a suitable choice for this purpose. Ceftriaxone must be administered intravenously and a drug targeted at a chronic or sub-chronic indication such as cocaine withdrawal requires oral administration to enhance compliance. Further, because of its antimicrobial activity, chronic use of ceftriaxone presents a risk of inducing resistant strains of bacteria. Long term use of ceftriaxone can also result in debilitating side effects such as diarrhea, especially at the high doses required to achieve therapeutically meaningful CNS concentrations due to ceftriaxone's low brain bioavailability (free, unbound cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratio=1% based on AUCs (Lutsar and Friedland, 2000) and 2-13% based on Cmax (Chadwick et al., 1983)). To date, there are no examples of orally bioavailable, CNS penetrant GLT-1 enhancer that are devoid of antibiotic activity and suitable for the chronic use required for the treatment of drug addiction, withdrawal, related conditions.

Dysregulation of Glu homeostasis may be responsible for GBM progression ((a) Sontheimer, H. J. Neurochem. 2008, 105, 287-295. (b) de Groot, J. F., Liu, T. J., Fuller, G., and Yung, W. K. A. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 5, 1934-1940). Glu is the predominant excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter and GLT-1 is the dominant astroglial protein that inactivates synaptic Glu (Li, Y., Sattle, R., Eun Ju Yang, E. J., Nune, A., Ayukawa, Y., Sadia Akhtar, S., Grace Ji, G., Ping-Wu Zhang, P., Jeffrey D. Rothstein, J. D. Neuropharmacology 2011, 60, 1168-1175). It is released through Ca²⁺ dependent fusion of synaptic vesicles from activated neurons. Once released, Glu binds to a number of receptors/transporter systems that mediate biological responses. While Glu levels are normally tightly controlled, this is not the case in GBM. Normal Glu brain levels do not exceed 1-3 □M (Dzubay J. A. and Jahr C. E. J Neurosci 1999, 19, 5265-5274), but studies of GBM patients using microdialysis probes to monitor brain Glu concentrations demonstrated Glu levels of >100 □M at tumor margins ((a) Marcus, H., Carpenter, K., Price, S. J., Hutchinson P. J. J. Neurooncol. 2010, 97, 11-23. (b) Roslin, M., Henriksson, R., Bergstrom, P., Ungerstedt, U., Bergenheim, A. T. J. Neurooncol. 2003, 61, 151-160). GLT-1 is the key transporter that normnnally removes >95% of synaptic Glu, but down regulation of its expression has been correlated with tumor grade, growth, and expansion (de Groot, J. F., Liu, T. J., Fuller, G., and Yung, W. K. A. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 5, 1934-1940). In addition to GLT-1 down-regulation, glioma cells demonstrate increased expression levels of glutamate-cystine exchanger system xc-, which increases glutamate release from glioma cells. The resulting high levels of Glu promote tumor growth and tissue invasion via excitotoxic cell death in the surrounding tissue creating space for tumor expansion within the restricted space of the cranial cavity (Sontheimer, H. J. Neurochem. 2008, 105, 287-295). Further, Glu has been implicated in abnormal cell signaling processes controlling cell motility and invasion through autocrine mechanisms wherein Glu secreted from glioma cells activates signaling pathways responsible for cellular proliferative processes (MAPK: random migration, Akt: survival, invasion, FAK: cell migration) (Piao Y, Lu L, de Groot J. Neuro Oncol 2009, 11:260-273). Interestingly, enhancing Glu transport by overexpressing GLT-1 in glioma cells in vitro and in vivo reduced cell proliferation and tumor growth in 2 independent studies ((a) de Groot, J. F., Liu, T. J., Fuller, G., and Yung, W. K. A. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 5, 1934-1940. (b) Vanhoutte, N., Quinones, J. A., Jordan, B. F., Gallez, B., Maloteaux, J. M. and Hermans, E. Experimental Neurology, 2009, 218, 56-63), suggesting a significant role for GLT-1 in GBM. Specifically, de Groot et. al. transfected human glioblastoma cell lines U87, U373, SNB19, and U25 with a GLT-1 adenoviral vector in order to increase GLT-1 expression. A comparison of proliferation rates of Ad-GLT-1 cell lines with the standard gliobastoma cell lines demonstrated a clear time and expression level dependent decrease in cell proliferation. Further, subcutaneously implantation of Ad-GLT-1 U87 cells into nude mice were determined to be incapable of forming tumors, strongly suggesting that increased expression of GLT-1 leads to suppression of tumor formation (de Groot, J. F., Liu, T. J., Fuller, G., and Yung, W. K. A. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 5, 1934-1940). To date, there are no GLT-1 expression modulators available for the treatment of malignant glioma, glioblastomas and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

Loss of GLT-1 expression is an important aspect of early stage Alzheimer's disease pathology and may play a significant role in cognitive decline observed in patients. Further, up-regulation of GLT-1 expression may represent a novel approach to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

There is a long felt need for new treatments of illicit drug addiction, drug withdrawal, and related conditions that are effective in treating patients for these conditions. There is also a long felt need for new treatments for diseases that involve modulation of glutamate uptake in their etiology such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), malignant glioma, glioblastomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain. The present invention addresses the need for new treatments of illicit drug addiction, drug withdrawal, and related conditions. The present invention also addresses the long felt need for new treatments for and means of preventing diseases that involve modulation of glutamate uptake in their etiology such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), malignant glioma, glioblastomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain.

It has been discovered that compounds of the disclosure are capable of enhancing glutamate uptake. Without wishing to be limited by theory, it is believed that the beta lactams of the present inventions can ameliorate, abate, otherwise cause to be controlled drug addiction, drug withdrawal, related conditions, and diseases that involve modulation of glutamate uptake in their etiology such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), malignant glioma, glioblastomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain.

Throughout the description, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including, or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that compositions of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing steps.

In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components and can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components.

The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term “about” is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise.

It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the present teachings remain operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions can be conducted simultaneously

As used herein, the term “halogen” shall mean chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “alkyl” and “aliphatic” whether used alone or as part of a substituent group refers to straight and branched carbon chains having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or any number within this range, for example 1 to 6 carbon atoms or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g. C₁₋₆) shall refer independently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl moiety or to the alkyl portion of a larger alkyl-containing substituent. Non-limiting examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, and the like. Alkyl groups can be optionally substituted. Non-limiting examples of substituted alkyl groups include hydroxymethyl, chloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, aminomethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-carboxypropyl, and the like. In substituent groups with multiple alkyl groups such as (C₁₋₆alkyl)₂amino, the alkyl groups may be the same or different.

As used herein, the terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” groups, whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, refer to straight and branched carbon chains having 2 or more carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 20, wherein an alkenyl chain has at least one double bond in the chain and an alkynyl chain has at least one triple bond in the chain. Alkenyl and alkynyl groups can be optionally substituted. Nonlimiting examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl, 3-propenyl, 1-propenyl (also 2-methylethenyl), isopropenyl (also 2-methylethen-2-yl), buten-4-yl, and the like. Nonlimiting examples of substituted alkenyl groups include 2-chloroethenyl (also 2-chlorovinyl), 4-hydroxybuten-1-yl, 7-hydroxy-7-methyloct-4-en-2-yl, 7-hydroxy-7-methyloct-3,5-dien-2-yl, and the like. Nonlimiting examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl, prop-2-ynyl (also propargyl), propyn-1-yl, and 2-methyl-hex-4-yn-1-yl. Nonlimiting examples of substituted alkynyl groups include, 5-hydroxy-5-methylhex-3-ynyl, 6-hydroxy-6-methylhept-3-yn-2-yl, 5-hydroxy-5-ethylhept-3-ynyl, and the like.

As used herein, “cycloalkyl,” whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to a non-aromatic carbon-containing ring including cyclized alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups, e.g., having from 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 or 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, or even 3 to 4 ring carbon atoms, and optionally containing one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) double or triple bond. Cycloalkyl groups can be monocyclic (e.g., cyclohexyl) or polycyclic (e.g., containing fused, bridged, and/or spiro ring systems), wherein the carbon atoms are located inside or outside of the ring system. Any suitable ring position of the cycloalkyl group can be covalently linked to the defined chemical structure. Cycloalkyl rings can be optionally substituted. Nonlimiting examples of cycloalkyl groups include: cyclopropyl, 2-methyl-cyclopropyl, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutyl, 2,3-dihydroxycyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctanyl, decalinyl, 2,5-dimethylcyclopentyl, 3,5-dichlorocyclohexyl, 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohex-1-yl, octahydropentalenyl, octahydro-1H-indenyl, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3H-inden-4-yl, decahydroazulenyl; bicyclo[6.2.0]decanyl, decahydronaphthalenyl, and dodecahydro-1H-fluorenyl. The term “cycloalkyl” also includes carbocyclic rings which are bicyclic hydrocarbon rings, non-limiting examples of which include, bicyclo-[2.1.1]hexanyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, 1,3-dimethyl[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, and bicyclo[3.3.3]undecanyl.

“Haloalkyl” is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms, substituted with 1 or more halogen. Haloalkyl groups include perhaloalkyl groups, wherein all hydrogens of an alkyl group have been replaced with halogens (e.g., —CF₃, CF₂CF₃). Haloalkyl groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents in addition to halogen. Examples of haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, fluoromethyl, dichloroethyl, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, and pentachloroethyl groups.

The term “alkoxy” refers to the group —O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group is as defined above. Alkoxy groups optionally may be substituted. The term C₃-C₆ cyclic alkoxy refers to a ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one oxygen atom (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydro-2H-pyran). C₃-C₆ cyclic alkoxy groups optionally may be substituted.

The term “aryl,” wherein used alone or as part of another group, is defined herein as an unsaturated, aromatic monocyclic ring of 6 carbon members or to an unsaturated, aromatic polycyclic ring of from 10 to 14 carbon members. Aryl rings can be, for example, phenyl or naphthyl ring each optionally substituted with one or more moieties capable of replacing one or more hydrogen atoms. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include: phenyl, naphthylen-1-yl, naphthylen-2-yl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 2-amino-4-fluorophenyl, 2-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl, 2-cyanophenyl, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 8-hydroxynaphthylen-2-yl 4,5-dimethoxynaphthylen-1-yl, and 6-cyano-naphthylen-1-yl. Aryl groups also include, for example, phenyl or naphthyl rings fused with one or more saturated or partially saturated carbon rings (e.g., bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trienyl, indanyl), which can be substituted at one or more carbon atoms of the aromatic and/or saturated or partially saturated rings.

The term “arylalkyl” or “aralkyl” refers to the group -alkyl-aryl, where the alkyl and aryl groups are as defined herein. Aralkyl groups of the present invention are optionally substituted. Examples of arylalkyl groups include, for example, benzyl, 1-phenylethyl, 1-phenyl-1-methylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-phenylpropyl, fluorenylmethyl and the like.

The terms “heterocyclic” and/or “heterocycle” and/or “heterocylyl,” whether used alone or as part of another group, are defined herein as one or more ring having from 3 to 20 atoms wherein at least one atom in at least one ring is a heteroatom selected from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S), and wherein further the ring that includes the heteroatom is non-aromatic. In heterocycle groups that include 2 or more fused rings, the non-heteroatom bearing ring may be aryl (e.g., indolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, chromanyl). Exemplary heterocycle groups have from 3 to 14 ring atoms of which from 1 to 5 are heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S). One or more N or S atoms in a heterocycle group can be oxidized. Heterocycle groups can be optionally substituted. Non-limiting examples of heterocyclic units having a single ring include: diazirinyl, aziridinyl, urazolyl, azetidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolinyl oxathiazolidinonyl, oxazolidinonyl, hydantoinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidin-2-onyl (valerolactam), 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-azepinyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indole, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline. Non-limiting examples of heterocyclic units having 2 or more rings include: hexahydro-1H-pyrrolizinyl, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazolyl, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, and decahydro-1H-cycloocta[b]pyrrolyl.

The term “heteroaryl,” whether used alone or as part of another group, is defined herein as one or more rings having from 5 to 20 atoms wherein at least one atom in at least one ring is a heteroatom chosen from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S), and wherein further at least one of the rings that includes a heteroatom is aromatic. In heteroaryl groups that include 2 or more fused rings, the non-heteroatom bearing ring may be a carbocycle (e.g., 6,7-Dihydro-5H-cyclopentapyrimidine) or aryl (e.g., benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl). Exemplary heteroaryl groups have from 5 to 14 ring atoms and contain from 1 to 5 ring heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S). One or more N or S atoms in a heteroaryl group can be oxidized. Heteroaryl groups can be substituted. Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl rings containing a single ring include: 1,2,3,4-tetrazolyl, [1,2,3]triazolyl, [1,2,4]triazolyl, triazinyl, thiazolyl, 1H-imidazolyl, oxazolyl, furanyl, thiopheneyl, pyrimidinyl, 2-phenylpyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, 3-methylpyridinyl, and 4-dimethylaminopyridinyl. Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl rings containing 2 or more fused rings include: benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl, phenanthridinyl, 7H-purinyl, 9H-purinyl, 6-amino-9H-purinyl, 5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 2-phenylbenzo[d]thiazolyl, 1H-indolyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-H-indolyl, quinoxalinyl, 5-methylquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 8-hydroxy-quinolinyl, and isoquinolinyl.

One non-limiting example of a heteroaryl group as described above is C₁-C₅ heteroaryl, which has 1 to 5 carbon ring atoms and at least one additional ring atom that is a heteroatom (preferably 1 to 4 additional ring atoms that are heteroatoms) independently selected from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S). Examples of C₁-C₅ heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, triazinyl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, imidazol-1-yl, 1H-imidazol-2-yl, 1H-imidazol-4-yl, isoxazolin-5-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophen-2-yl, thiophen-4-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, and pyridin-4-yl.

Unless otherwise noted, when two substituents are taken together to form a ring having a specified number of ring atoms (e.g., R² and R³ taken together with the nitrogen (N) to which they are attached to form a ring having from 3 to 7 ring members), the ring can have carbon atoms and optionally one or more (e.g., 1 to 3) additional heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S). The ring can be saturated or partially saturated and can be optionally substituted.

For the purposed of the present invention fused ring units, as well as spirocyclic rings, bicyclic rings and the like, which comprise a single heteroatom will be considered to belong to the cyclic family corresponding to the heteroatom containing ring. For example, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline having the formula:

is, for the purposes of the present invention, considered a heterocyclic unit. 6,7-Dihydro-5H-cyclopentapyrimidine having the formula:

is, for the purposes of the present invention, considered a heteroaryl unit. When a fused ring unit contains heteroatoms in both a saturated and an aryl ring, the aryl ring will predominate and determine the type of category to which the ring is assigned. For example, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,8]naphthyridine having the formula:

is, for the purposes of the present invention, considered a heteroaryl unit.

Whenever a term or either of their prefix roots appear in a name of a substituent the name is to be interpreted as including those limitations provided herein. For example, whenever the term “alkyl” or “aryl” or either of their prefix roots appear in a name of a substituent (e.g., arylalkyl, alkylamino) the name is to be interpreted as including those limitations given above for “alkyl” and “aryl.”

The term “substituted” is used throughout the specification. The term “substituted” is defined herein as a moiety, whether acyclic or cyclic, which has one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by a substituent or several (e.g., 1 to 10) substituents as defined herein below. The substituents are capable of replacing one or two hydrogen atoms of a single moiety at a time. In addition, these substituents can replace two hydrogen atoms on two adjacent carbons to form said substituent, new moiety or unit. For example, a substituted unit that requires a single hydrogen atom replacement includes halogen, hydroxyl, and the like. A two hydrogen atom replacement includes carbonyl, oximino, and the like. A two hydrogen atom replacement from adjacent carbon atoms includes epoxy, and the like. The term “substituted” is used throughout the present specification to indicate that a moiety can have one or more of the hydrogen atoms replaced by a substituent. When a moiety is described as “substituted” any number of the hydrogen atoms may be replaced. For example, difluoromethyl is a substituted C₁ alkyl; trifluoromethyl is a substituted C₁ alkyl; 4-hydroxyphenyl is a substituted aromatic ring; (N,N-dimethyl-5-amino)octanyl is a substituted C₈ alkyl; 3-guanidinopropyl is a substituted C₃ alkyl; and 2-carboxypyridinyl is a substituted heteroaryl.

The variable groups defined herein, e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heterocycle and heteroaryl groups defined herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, can be optionally substituted. Optionally substituted groups will be so indicated.

The following are non-limiting examples of substituents which can substitute for hydrogen atoms on a moiety: halogen (chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), fluorine (F) and iodine(I)), —CN, —NO₂, oxo (═O), —OR¹⁸, —SR¹⁸, —N(R¹⁸)₂, —NR¹⁸C(O)R¹⁸, —SO₂R¹⁸, —SO₂OR¹⁸, —SO₂N(R¹⁸)₂, —C(O)R¹⁸, —C(O)OR¹⁸, —C(O)N(R¹⁸)₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, or heteroaryl, wherein each of the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, and heteroaryl groups is optionally substituted with 1-10 (e.g., 1-6 or 1-4) groups selected independently from halogen, —CN, —NO₂, oxo, and R¹⁸; wherein R¹⁸, at each occurrence, independently is hydrogen, —OR¹⁹, —SR¹⁹, —C(O)R¹⁹, —C(O)OR¹⁹, —C(O)N(R¹⁹)₂, —SO₂R¹⁹, —S(O)₂R¹⁹, —N(R¹⁹)₂, —NR¹⁹C(O)R¹⁹, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), aryl, heterocycle, or heteroaryl, or two R¹⁸ units taken together with the atom(s) to which they are bound form an optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle wherein said carbocycle or heterocycle has 3 to 7 ring atoms; wherein R¹⁹, at each occurrence, independently is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), aryl, heterocycle, or heteroaryl, or two R¹⁹ units taken together with the atom(s) to which they are bound form an optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle wherein said carbocycle or heterocycle preferably has 3 to 7 ring atoms.

In some embodiments, the substituents are selected from

-   -   i) —OR²⁰; for example, —OH, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH₂CH₂CH₃;     -   ii) —C(O)R²⁰; for example, —COCH₃, —COCH₂CH₃, —COCH₂CH₂CH₃;     -   iii) —C(O)OR²⁰; for example, —CO₂CH₃, —CO₂CH₂CH₃, —CO₂CH₂CH₂CH₃;     -   iv) —C(O)N(R²⁰)₂; for example, —CONH₂, —CONHCH₃, —CON(CH₃)₂;     -   v) —N(R²⁰)₂; for example, —NH₂, —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, —NH(CH₂CH₃);     -   vi) halogen: —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I;     -   vii) —CH_(e)X_(g); wherein X is halogen, m is from 0 to 2,         e+g=3; for example, CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CCl₃, or —CBr₃;     -   viii) —SO₂R²⁰; for example, —SO₂H; —SO₂CH₃; —SO₂C₆H₅;     -   ix) C₁-C₆ linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;     -   x) Cyano     -   xi) Nitro;     -   xii) N(R²⁰)C(O)R²⁰;     -   xiii) Oxo (═O);     -   xiv) Heterocycle; and     -   xv) Heteroaryl.         wherein each R²⁰ is independently hydrogen, optionally         substituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl (e.g., optionally         substituted C₁-C₄ linear or branched alkyl), or optionally         substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl (e.g optionally substituted C₃-C₄         cycloalkyl); or two R²⁰ units can be taken together to form a         ring comprising 3-7 ring atoms. In certain aspects, each R²⁰ is         independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl         optionally substituted with halogen or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl or C₃-C₆         cycloalkyl.

At various places in the present specification, substituents of compounds are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the description include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. For example, the term “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is specifically intended to individually disclose C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₅, C₁-C₄, C₁-C₃, C₁-C₂, C₂-C₆, C₂-C₅, C₂-C₄, C₂-C₃, C₃-C₆, C₃-C₅, C₃-C₄, C₄-C₆, C₄-C₅, and C₅-C₆, alkyl.

For the purposes of the present invention the terms “compound,” “analog,” and “composition of matter” stand equally well for the beta lactams described herein, including all enantiomeric forms, diastereomeric forms, salts, and the like, and the terms “compound,” “analog,” and “composition of matter” are used interchangeably throughout the present specification.

Compounds described herein can contain an asymmetric atom (also referred as a chiral center), and some of the compounds can contain one or more asymmetric atoms or centers, which can thus give rise to optical isomers (enantiomers) and diastereomers. The present teachings and compounds disclosed herein include such enantiomers and diastereomers, as well as the racemic and resolved, enantiomerically pure R and S stereoisomers, as well as other mixtures of the R and S stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Optical isomers can be obtained in pure form by standard procedures known to those skilled in the art, which include, but are not limited to, diastereomeric salt formation, kinetic resolution, and asymmetric synthesis. The present teachings also encompass cis and trans isomers of compounds containing alkenyl moieties (e.g., alkenes and imines). It is also understood that the present teachings encompass all possible regioisomers, and mixtures thereof, which can be obtained in pure form by standard separation procedures known to those skilled in the art, and include, but are not limited to, column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the present teachings, which can have an acidic moiety, can be formed using organic and inorganic bases. Both mono and polyanionic salts are contemplated, depending on the number of acidic hydrogens available for deprotonation. Suitable salts formed with bases include metal salts, such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, for example sodium, potassium, or magnesium salts; ammonia salts and organic amine salts, such as those formed with morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, a mono-, di- or tri-lower alkylamine (e.g., ethyl-tert-butyl-, diethyl-, diisopropyl-, triethyl-, tributyl- or dimethylpropylamine), or a mono-, di-, or trihydroxy lower alkylamine (e.g., mono-, di- or triethanolamine). Specific non-limiting examples of inorganic bases include NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, KHCO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, LiOH, NaOH, KOH, NaH₂PO₄, Na₂HPO₄, and Na₃PO₄. Internal salts also can be formed. Similarly, when a compound disclosed herein contains a basic moiety, salts can be formed using organic and inorganic acids. For example, salts can be formed from the following acids: acetic, propionic, lactic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, tartaric, succinic, dichloroacetic, ethenesulfonic, formic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hippuric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, malonic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, napthalenesulfonic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, phthalic, propionic, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, and camphorsulfonic as well as other known pharmaceutically acceptable acids.

When any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or in any formula, its definition in each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence (e.g., in N(R⁷)₂, each R⁷ may be the same or different than the other). Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

The terms “treat” and “treating” and “treatment” as used herein, refer to partially or completely alleviating, inhibiting, ameliorating and/or relieving a condition from which a patient is suspected to suffer.

As used herein, “therapeutically effective” and “effective dose” refer to a substance or an amount that elicits a desirable biological activity or effect.

Except when noted, the terms “subject” or “patient” are used interchangeably and refer to mammals such as human patients and non-human primates, as well as experimental animals such as rabbits, rats, and mice, and other animals. Accordingly, the term “subject” or “patient” as used herein means any mammalian patient or subject to which the compounds of the invention can be administered. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, to identify subject patients for treatment according to the methods of the invention, accepted screening methods are employed to determine risk factors associated with a targeted or suspected disease or condition or to determine the status of an existing disease or condition in a subject. These screening methods include, for example, conventional work-ups to determine risk factors that may be associated with the targeted or suspected disease or condition. These and other routine methods allow the clinician to select patients in need of therapy using the methods and compounds of the present invention.

The present invention is directed toward novel beta lactam derivatives, compounds of formula (I),

including hydrates, solvates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs and complexes thereof, wherein:

A is selected from the group consisting of,

e is 1 or 2;

g is 1, 2, or 3;

n is 1 or 2;

m is 1, 2, or 3;

q is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, C(O)R², C(O)OR³, C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b), SO₂R⁵, SO₂NH₂, and SO₂NR^(5a)R^(5b);

each occurrence of R² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

each occurrence of R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

each occurrence of R^(4a) is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

each occurrence of R^(4b) is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

each occurrence of R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

R^(5a) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

R^(5b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and C(O)R⁸;

R^(7a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy, C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy, and optionally substituted aryl;

R^(7b) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy, C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy;

R^(7c) hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;

each occurrence of R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl;

R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy, C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl, NR^(12a)R^(12b) NHC(O)R¹³, NHC(O)OR¹³, NHSO₂R⁵, and NHSO₂NH₂;

R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl;

R^(11a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C(O)R², C(O)OR³, C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b), SO₂R⁵, and SO₂NH₂;

R^(11b) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl; or R^(11a) and R^(11b) may optionally be joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 3, 4, or 5 atoms; or R^(11a) and R^(11b) may optionally be joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 6 or 7 atoms, optionally containing an group selected from oxygen, sulfur and NR¹⁴;

each occurrence of R^(12a) and R^(12b) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, or R^(12a) and R^(12b) may optionally be joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 atoms;

each occurrence of R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl;

R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl;

X is selected from the group consisting of CR^(15a)R^(15b) and NR¹⁶;

R^(15a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl NR^(12a)R^(12b), NHC(O)R¹³, and NHC(O)OR¹³;

R^(15b) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl;

R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted benzyl, C(O)R², C(O)OR³, C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b), SO₂R⁵, and SO₂NH₂; and

R^(17a) and R^(17b) are at each occurrence independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (II):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (IV):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (V):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (VI):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (VII):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (VIII):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (IX):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (X):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XI):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XII):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XIII):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XIV):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XV):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XVI):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XVII):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XVIII):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XIX):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XX):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XXI):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds having formula (XXII):

including hydrates, solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and complexes thereof.

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments A is

In some embodiments e is 1.

In some embodiments e is 2.

In some embodiments g is 1.

In some embodiments g is 2.

In some embodiments g is 3.

In some embodiments n is 1.

In some embodiments n is 2.

In some embodiments m is 1.

In some embodiments m is 2.

In some embodiments m is 3.

In some embodiments q is 1.

In some embodiments q is 2.

In some embodiments q is 3.

In some embodiments q is 4.

In some embodiments q is 5.

In some embodiments q is 6.

In some embodiments R¹ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R¹ is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl

In some embodiments R¹ is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R¹ is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R¹ is C(O)R².

In some embodiments R¹ is C(O)OR³.

In some embodiments R¹ is C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b).

In some embodiments R¹ is SO₂R⁵.

In some embodiments R¹ is SO₂NH₂.

In some embodiments R¹ is SO₂NR^(5a)R^(5b).

In some embodiments R² is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R² is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R² is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R² is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments R² is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R³ is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R³ is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R³ is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments R³ is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R^(4a) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(4a) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(4a) is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments R^(4a) is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R^(4b) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(4b) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(4b) is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments R^(4b) is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R⁵ is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R⁵ is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R⁵ is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments R⁵ is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R^(5a) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(5a) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(5a) is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments R^(5a) is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R^(5b) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(5b) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(5b) is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments R^(5b) is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R⁶ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R⁶ is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R⁶ is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R⁶ is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments R⁶ is C(O)R⁸.

In some embodiments R^(7a) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R^(7a) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(7a) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(7a) is C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy.

In some embodiments R^(7a) is C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy.

In some embodiments R^(7a) is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R^(7b) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R^(7b) is C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy.

In some embodiments R^(7b) is C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy.

In some embodiments R^(7b) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R^(7b) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(7c) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(7c) is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R^(7c) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R^(7c) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(7c) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(7c) is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R^(7c) is

In some embodiments R⁸ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R⁸ is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R⁸ is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R⁸ is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments R⁹ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R⁹ is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R⁹ is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R⁹ is C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy.

In some embodiments R⁹ is C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy.

In some embodiments R⁹ is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R⁹ is NR^(12a)R^(12b).

In some embodiments R⁹ is NHC(O)R¹³.

In some embodiments R⁹ is NHC(O)OR¹³.

In some embodiments R⁹ is NHSO₂R⁵.

In some embodiments R⁹ is NHSO₂NH₂.

In some embodiments R¹⁰ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R¹⁰ is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(11a) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R^(11a) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(11a) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(11a) is C(O)R².

In some embodiments R^(11a) is C(O)OR³.

In some embodiments R^(11a) is C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b).

In some embodiments R^(11a) is SO₂R⁵.

In some embodiments R^(11a) is SO₂NH₂

In some embodiments R^(11b) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R^(11b) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(11b) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments, R^(11a) and R^(11b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 3 atoms.

In some embodiments, R^(11a) and R^(11b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 4 atoms.

In some embodiments, R^(11a) and R^(11b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 5 atoms.

In some embodiments, R^(11a) and R^(11b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 6 atoms.

In some embodiments, R^(11a) and R^(11b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 7 atoms.

In some embodiments, R^(11a) and R^(11b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 6 atoms and containing a group selected from oxygen, sulfur and NR¹⁴.

In some embodiments, R^(11a) and R^(11b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 7 atoms and containing a group selected from oxygen, sulfur and NR¹⁴.

In some embodiments R^(12a) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R^(12a) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(12a) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(12b) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R^(12b) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(12b) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments, R^(12a) and R^(2b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 3 atoms.

In some embodiments, R^(12a) and R^(2b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 4 atoms.

In some embodiments, R^(12a) and R^(12b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 5 atoms.

In some embodiments, R^(12a) and R^(12b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 6 atoms.

In some embodiments, R^(12a) and R^(2b) are joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 7 atoms.

In some embodiments R¹³ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R¹³ is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R¹³ is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R¹⁴ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R¹⁴ is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R¹⁴ is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments X is CR^(15a)R^(15b).

In some embodiments X is NR¹⁶.

In some embodiments R^(15a) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R^(15a) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(15a) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(15a) is NR^(12a)R^(12b).

In some embodiments R^(15a) is NHC(O)R¹³.

In some embodiments R^(15a) is NHC(O)OR¹³.

In some embodiments R^(15b) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R^(15b) is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R^(15b) is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R¹⁶ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R¹⁶ is C₁₋₆ linear alkyl.

In some embodiments R¹⁶ is C₃₋₇ branched alkyl.

In some embodiments R¹⁶ is optionally substituted aryl.

In some embodiments R¹⁶ is optionally substituted benzyl.

In some embodiments R¹⁶ is C(O)R².

In some embodiments R¹⁶ is C(O)OR³.

In some embodiments R¹⁶ is C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b).

In some embodiments R¹⁶ is SO₂R⁵.

In some embodiments R¹⁶ is SO₂NH₂.

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R⁶ and A are defined herein below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Entry R⁶ A  1 H

 2 CH₃C(O)

 3 CH₃

 4 H

 5 CH₃C(O)

 6 CH₃

 7 H

 8 CH₃C(O)

 9 CH₃

10 H

11 CH₃C(O)

12 CH₃

13 H

14 CH₃C(O)

15 CH₃

16 H

17 CH₃C(O)

18 CH₃

19 H

20 CH₃C(O)

21 CH₃

22 H

23 CH₃C(O)

24 CH₃

25 H

26 CH₃C(O)

27 CH₃

28 H

29 CH₃C(O)

30 CH₃

31 H

32 CH₃C(O)

33 CH₃

34 H

35 CH₃C(O)

36 CH₃

37 H

38 CH₃C(O)

39 CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Entry R¹ R⁶  1 CH₃ H  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O)  3 CH₃ CH₃  4 CH₂Ph H  5 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O)  6 CH₂Ph CH₃  7

H  8

CH₃C(O)  9

CH₃ 10

H 11

CH₃C(O) 12

CH₃ 13 H H 14 H CH₃C(O) 15 H CH₃ 16

H 17

CH₃C(O) 18

CH₃ 19

H 20

CH₃C(O) 21

CH₃ 22

H 23

CH₃C(O) 24

CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Entry R¹ R⁶  1 CH₃ H  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O)  3 CH₃ CH₃  4 CH₂Ph H  5 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O)  6 CH₂Ph CH₃  7

H  8

CH₃C(O)  9

CH₃ 10

H 11

CH₃C(O) 12

CH₃ 13 H H 14 H CH₃C(O) 15 H CH₃ 16

H 17

CH₃C(O) 18

CH₃ 19

H 20

CH₃C(O) 21

CH₃ 22

H 23

CH₃C(O) 24

CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (IV) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Entry R¹ R⁶  1 CH₃ H  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O)  3 CH₃ CH₃  4 CH₂Ph H  5 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O)  6 CH₂Ph CH₃  7

H  8

CH₃C(O)  9

CH₃ 10

H 11

CH₃C(O) 12

CH₃ 13 H H 14 H CH₃C(O) 15 H CH₃ 16

H 17

CH₃C(O) 18

CH₃ 19

H 20

CH₃C(O) 21

CH₃ 22

H 23

CH₃C(O) 24

CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (V) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Entry R¹ R⁶  1 CH₃ H  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O)  3 CH₃ CH₃  4 CH₂Ph H  5 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O)  6 CH₂Ph CH₃  7

H  8

CH₃C(O)  9

CH₃ 10

H 11

CH₃C(O) 12

CH₃ 13 H H 14 H CH₃C(O) 15 H CH₃ 16

H 17

CH₃C(O) 18

CH₃ 19

H 20

CH₃C(O) 21

CH₃ 22

H 23

CH₃C(O) 24

CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Entry R¹ R⁶  1 CH₃ H  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O)  3 CH₃ CH₃  4 CH₂Ph H  5 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O)  6 CH₂Ph CH₃  7

H  8

CH₃C(O)  9

CH₃ 10

H 11

CH₃C(O) 12

CH₃ 13 H H 14 H CH₃C(O) 15 H CH₃ 16

H 17

CH₃C(O) 18

CH₃ 19

H 20

CH₃C(O) 21

CH₃ 22

H 23

CH₃C(O) 24

CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (VII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Entry R¹ R⁶  1 CH₃ H  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O)  3 CH₃ CH₃  4 CH₂Ph H  5 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O)  6 CH₂Ph CH₃  7

H  8

CH₃C(O)  9

CH₃ 10

H 11

CH₃C(O) 12

CH₃ 13 H H 14 H CH₃C(O) 15 H CH₃ 16

H 17

CH₃C(O) 18

CH₃ 19

H 20

CH₃C(O) 21

CH₃ 22

H 23

CH₃C(O) 24

CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (VIII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹, R⁶, e, and f are defined herein below in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Entry R¹ R⁶ e g  1 CH₃ H 1 1  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O) 1 1  3 CH₃ CH₃ 1 1  4 CH₃ H 1 2  5 CH₃ CH₃C(O) 1 2  6 CH₃ CH₃ 1 2  7 CH₃ H 1 3  8 CH₃ CH₃C(O) 1 3  9 CH₃ CH₃ 1 3  10 CH₃ H 2 1  11 CH₃ CH₃C(O) 2 1  12 CH₃ CH₃ 2 1  13 CH₃ H 2 2  14 CH₃ CH₃C(O) 2 2  15 CH₃ CH₃ 2 2  16 CH₃ H 2 3  17 CH₃ CH₃C(O) 2 3  18 CH₃ CH₃ 2 3  19 CH₂Ph H 1 1  20 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) 1 1  21 CH₂Ph CH₃ 1 1  22 CH₂Ph H 1 2  23 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) 1 2  24 CH₂Ph H 1 2  25 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) 1 3  26 CH₂Ph H 1 3  27 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) 1 3  28 CH₂Ph H 2 1  29 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) 2 1  30 CH₂Ph H 2 1  31 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) 2 2  32 CH₂Ph H 2 2  33 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) 2 2  34 CH₂Ph H 2 3  35 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) 2 3  36 CH₂Ph H 2 3  37

H 1 1  38

CH₃C(O) 1 1  39

CH₃ 1 1  40

H 1 2  41

CH₃C(O) 1 2  42

CH₃ 1 2  43

H 1 3  44

CH₃C(O) 1 3  45

CH₃ 1 3  4+

H 2 1  47

CH₃C(O) 2 1  48

CH₃ 2 1  4+

H 2 2  50

CH₃C(O) 2 2  51

CH₃ 2 2  52

H 2 3  53

CH₃C(O) 2 3  54

CH₃ 2 3  55

H 1 1  56

CH₃C(O) 1 1  57

CH₃ 1 1  58

H 1 2  59

CH₃C(O) 1 2  60

CH₃ 1 2  61

H 1 3  62

CH₃C(O) 1 3  63

CH₃ 1 3  64

H 2 1  65

CH₃C(O) 2 1  66

CH₃ 2 1  67

H 2 2  68

CH₃C(O) 2 2  69

CH₃ 2 2  70

H 2 3  71

CH₃C(O) 2 3  72

CH₃ 2 3  73 H H 1 1  74 H CH₃C(O) 1 1  75 H CH₃ 1 1  76 H H 1 2  77 H CH₃C(O) 1 2  78 H CH₃ 1 2  79 H H 1 3  80 H CH₃C(O) 1 3  81 H CH₃ 1 3  82 H H 2 1  83 H CH₃C(O) 2 1  84 H CH₃ 2 1  85 H H 2 2  86 H CH₃C(O) 2 2  87 H CH₃ 2 2  88 H H 2 3  89 H CH₃C(O) 2 3  90 H CH₃ 2 3  91

H 1 1  92

CH₃C(O) 1 1  93

CH₃ 1 1  94

H 1 2  95

CH₃C(O) 1 2  96

CH₃ 1 2  97

H 1 3  98

CH₃C(O) 1 3  99

CH₃ 1 3 100

H 2 1 101

CH₃C(O) 2 1 102

CH₃ 2 1 103

H 2 2 104

CH₃C(O) 2 2 105

CH₃ 2 2 106

H 2 3 107

CH₃C(O) 2 3 108

CH₃ 2 3 109

H 1 1 110

CH₃C(O) 1 1 111

CH₃ 1 1 112

H 1 2 113

CH₃C(O) 1 2 114

CH₃ 1 2 115

H 1 3 116

CH₃C(O) 1 3 117

CH₃ 1 3 118

H 2 1 119

CH₃C(O) 2 1 120

CH₃ 2 1 121

H 2 2 122

CH₃C(O) 2 2 123

CH₃ 2 2 124

H 2 3 125

CH₃C(O) 2 3 126

CH₃ 2 3 127

H 1 1 128

CH₃C(O) 1 1 129

CH₃ 1 1 130

H 1 2 131

CH₃C(O) 1 2 132

CH₃ 1 2 133

H 1 3 134

CH₃C(O) 1 3 135

CH₃ 1 3 136

H 2 1 137

CH₃C(O) 2 1 138

CH₃ 2 1 139

H 2 2 140

CH₃C(O) 2 2 141

CH₃ 2 2 142

H 2 3 143

CH₃C(O) 2 3 144

CH₃ 2 3

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (IX) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Entry R¹ R⁶  1 CH₃ H  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O)  3 CH₃ CH₃  4 CH₂Ph H  5 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O)  6 CH₂Ph CH₃  7

H  8

CH₃C(O)  9

CH₃ 10

H 11

CH₃C(O) 12

CH₃ 13 H H 14 H CH₃C(O) 15 H CH₃ 16

H 17

CH₃C(O) 18

CH₃ 19

H 20

CH₃C(O) 21

CH₃ 22

H 23

CH₃C(O) 24

CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (X) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Entry R¹ R⁶  1 CH₃ H  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O)  3 CH₃ CH₃  4 CH₂Ph H  5 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O)  6 CH₂Ph CH₃  7

H  8

CH₃C(O)  9

CH₃ 10

H 11

CH₃C(O) 12

CH₃ 13 H H 14 H CH₃C(O) 15 H CH₃ 16

H 17

CH₃C(O) 18

CH₃ 19

H 20

CH₃C(O) 21

CH₃ 22

H 23

CH₃C(O) 24

CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (XI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Entry R¹ R⁶  1 CH₃ H  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O)  3 CH₃ CH₃  4 CH₂Ph H  5 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O)  6 CH₂Ph CH₃  7

H  8

CH₃C(O)  9

CH₃ 10

H 11

CH₃C(O) 12

CH₃ 13 H H 14 H CH₃C(O) 15 H CH₃ 16

H 17

CH₃C(O) 18

CH₃ 19

H 20

CH₃C(O) 21

CH₃ 22

H 23

CH₃C(O) 24

CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (XII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Entry R⁶ R^(7a) R^(7b) 1 H H H 2 CH₃C(O) H H 3 CH₃ H H 4 H H CH₃ 5 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ 6 CH₃ H CH₃ 7 H H OCH₃ 8 CH₃C(O) H OCH₃ 9 CH₃ H OCH₃ 10 H H Phenyl 11 CH₃C(O) H Phenyl 12 CH₃ H Phenyl

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (XIII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Entry R⁶ R^(7c) 1 H H 2 CH₃C(O) H 3 CH₃ H 4 H CH₃ 5 CH₃C(O) CH₃ 6 CH₃ CH₃ 7 H Phenyl 8 CH₃C(O) Phenyl 9 CH₃ Phenyl

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (XIV) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 14.

TABLE 14 Entry R⁶ R⁸ X 1 H H CH₂ 2 CH₃C(O) H CH₂ 3 CH₃ H CH₂ 4 H CH₃ CH₂ 5 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₂ 6 CH₃ CH₃ CH₂ 7 H H NCH₃ 8 CH₃C(O) H NCH₃ 9 CH₃ H NCH₃ 10 H CH₃ NCH₃ 11 CH₃C(O) CH₃ NCH₃ 12 CH₃ CH₃ NCH₃ 13 H H NH 14 CH₃C(O) H NH 15 CH₃ H NH 16 H CH₃ NH 17 CH₃C(O) CH₃ NH 18 CH₃ CH₃ NH 19 H H NC(O)CH₃ 20 CH₃C(O) H NC(O)CH₃ 21 CH₃ H NC(O)CH₃ 22 H CH₃ NC(O)CH₃ 23 CH₃C(O) CH₃ NC(O)CH₃ 24 CH₃ CH₃ NC(O)CH₃ 25 H H NC(O)OC(CH₃)_(S) 26 CH₃C(O) H NC(O)OC(CH₃)_(S) 27 CH₃ H NC(O)OC(CH₃)_(S) 28 H CH₃ NC(O)OC(CH₃)_(S) 29 CH₃C(O) CH₃ NC(O)OC(CH₃)_(S) 30 CH₃ CH₃ NC(O)OC(CH₃)_(S) 31 H H NC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)_(S) 32 CH₃C(O) H NC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)_(S) 33 CH₃ H NC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)_(S) 34 H CH₃ NC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)_(S) 35 CH₃C(O) CH₃ NC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)_(S) 36 CH₃ CH₃ NC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)_(S) 37 H H NSO₂CH₃ 38 CH₃C(O) H NSO₂CH₃ 39 CH₃ H NSO₂CH₃ 40 H CH₃ NSO₂CH₃ 41 CH₃C(O) CH₃ NSO₂CH₃ 42 CH₃ CH₃ NSO₂CH₃ 43 H H NCH₂Phenyl 44 CH₃C(O) H NCH₂Phenyl 45 CH₃ H NCH₂Phenyl 46 H CH₃ NCH₂Phenyl 47 CH₃C(O) CH₃ NCH₂Phenyl 48 CH₃ CH₃ NCH₂Phenyl 49 H H CHN(CH₃)₂ 50 CH₃C(O) H CHN(CH₃)₂ 51 CH₃ H CHN(CH₃)₂ 52 H CH₃ CHN(CH₃)₂ 53 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CHN(CH₃)₂ 54 CH₃ CH₃ CHN(CH₃)₂

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (XV) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 15.

TABLE 15 Entry R¹ R⁶ R⁸  1 CH₃ H H  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O) H  3 CH₃ CH₃ H  4 CH₃ H CH₃  5 CH₃ CH₃C(O) CH₃  6 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃  7 CH₂Ph H H  8 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) H  9 CH₂Ph CH₃ H 10 CH₂Ph H CH₃ 11 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) CH₃ 12 CH₂Ph CH₃ CH₃ 13

H H 14

CH₃C(O) H 15

CH₃ H 16

H CH₃ 17

CH₃C(O) CH₃ 18

CH₃ CH₃ 19

H H 20

CH₃C(O) H 21

CH₃ H 22

H CH₃ 23

CH₃C(O) CH₃ 24

CH₃ CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (XVI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 16.

TABLE 16 Entry R¹ R⁶ R⁸  1 CH₃ H H  2 CH₃ CH₃C(O) H  3 CH₃ CH₃ H  4 CH₃ H CH₃  5 CH₃ CH₃C(O) CH₃  6 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃  7 CH₂Ph H H  8 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) H  9 CH₂Ph CH₃ H 10 CH₂Ph H CH₃ 11 CH₂Ph CH₃C(O) CH₃ 12 CH₂Ph CH₃ CH₃ 13

H H 14

CH₃C(O) H 15

CH₃ H 16

H CH₃ 17

CH₃C(O) CH₃ 18

CH₃ CH₃ 19

H H 20

CH₃C(O) H 21

CH₃ H 22

H CH₃ 23

CH₃C(O) CH₃ 24

CH₃ CH₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (XVII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 17.

TABLE 17 Entry R⁶ R⁸ R⁹ 1 H H H 2 CH₃C(O) H H 3 CH₃ H H 4 H CH₃ H 5 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H 6 CH₃ CH₃ H 7 H H N(CH₃)₂ 8 CH₃C(O) H N(CH₃)₂ 9 CH₃ H N(CH₃)₂ 10 H CH₃ N(CH₃)₂ 11 CH₃C(O) CH₃ N(CH₃)₂ 12 CH₃ CH₃ N(CH₃)₂ 13 H H NHC(O)CH₃ 14 CH₃C(O) H NHC(O)CH₃ 15 CH₃ H NHC(O)CH₃ 16 H CH₃ NHC(O)CH₃ 17 CH₃C(O) CH₃ NHC(O)CH₃ 18 CH₃ CH₃ NHC(O)CH₃ 19 H H NHC(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 20 CH₃C(O) H NHC(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 21 CH₃ H NHC(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 22 H CH₃ NHC(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 23 CH₃C(O) CH₃ NHC(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 24 CH₃ CH₃ NHC(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 25 H H NHC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 26 CH₃C(O) H NHC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 27 CH₃ H NHC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 28 H CH₃ NHC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 29 CH₃C(O) CH₃ NHC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 30 CH₃ CH₃ NHC(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (XVIII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 18.

TABLE 18 Entry R⁶ R^(11a) R^(11b) n m 1 H H H 1 1 2 H H H 1 2 3 H H H 1 3 4 H H H 2 1 5 H H H 2 2 6 H H H 2 3 7 CH₃C(O) H H 1 2 8 CH₃C(O) H H 1 3 9 CH₃C(O) H H 2 1 10 CH₃C(O) H H 2 2 11 CH₃C(O) H H 2 3 12 CH₃ H H 1 2 13 CH₃ H H 1 3 14 CH₃ H H 2 1 15 CH₃ H H 2 2 16 CH₃ H H 2 3 17 H CH₃ H 1 2 18 H CH₃ H 1 3 19 H CH₃ H 2 1 20 H CH₃ H 2 2 21 H CH₃ H 2 3 22 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H 1 2 23 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H 1 3 24 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H 2 1 25 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H 2 2 26 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H 2 3 27 CH₃ CH₃ H 1 2 28 CH₃ CH₃ H 1 3 29 CH₃ CH₃ H 2 1 30 CH₃ CH₃ H 2 2 31 CH₃ CH₃ H 2 3 32 H CH₃ CH₃ 1 2 33 H CH₃ CH₃ 1 3 34 H CH₃ CH₃ 2 1 35 H CH₃ CH₃ 2 2 36 H CH₃ CH₃ 2 3 37 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ 1 1 38 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ 1 2 39 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ 1 3 40 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ 2 1 41 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ 2 2 42 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ 2 3 43 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 1 1 44 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 1 2 45 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 1 3 46 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 2 1 47 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 2 2 48 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 2 3 49 H H C(O)CH₃ 1 2 50 H H C(O)CH₃ 1 3 51 H H C(O)CH₃ 2 1 52 H H C(O)CH₃ 2 2 53 H H C(O)CH₃ 2 3 54 H CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 1 2 55 H CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 1 3 56 H CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 1 57 H CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 2 58 H CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 3 59 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 1 1 60 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 1 2 61 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 1 3 62 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 1 63 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 2 64 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 3 65 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 1 1 66 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 1 2 67 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 1 3 68 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 1 69 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 2 70 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 3 71 CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 1 2 72 CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 1 3 73 CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 2 1 74 CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 2 2 75 CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 2 3 76 CH₃C(O) H C(O)CH₃ 1 2 77 CH₃C(O) H C(O)CH₃ 1 3 78 CH₃C(O) H C(O)CH₃ 2 1 79 CH₃C(O) H C(O)CH₃ 2 2 80 CH₃C(O) H C(O)CH₃ 2 3 81 H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 2 82 H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 3 83 H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 1 84 H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 2 85 H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 3 86 H CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 2 87 H CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 3 88 H CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 1 89 H CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 2 90 H CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 3 91 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 1 92 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 2 93 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 3 94 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 1 95 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 2 96 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 3 97 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 1 98 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 2 99 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 3 100 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 1 101 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 2 102 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 3 103 CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 2 104 CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 3 105 CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 1 106 CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 2 107 CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 3 108 CH₃C(O) H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 2 109 CH₃C(O) H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 3 110 CH₃C(O) H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 1 111 CH₃C(O) H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 2 112 CH₃C(O) H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 3 113 H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 2 114 H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 3 115 H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 1 116 H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 2 117 H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 3 118 H CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 2 119 H CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 3 120 H CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 1 121 H CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 2 122 H CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 3 123 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 1 124 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 2 125 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 3 126 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 1 127 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 2 128 CH₃C(O) CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 3 129 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 1 130 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 2 131 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 3 132 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 1 133 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 2 134 CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 3 135 CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 2 136 CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 3 137 CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 1 138 CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 2 139 CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 3 140 CH₃C(O) H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 2 141 CH₃C(O) H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 3 142 CH₃C(O) H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 1 143 CH₃C(O) H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 2 144 CH₃C(O) H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 3 145 H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 146 H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 147 H —CH₂CH₂— 1 3 148 H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 149 H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 150 H —CH₂CH₂— 2 3 151 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 152 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 153 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂— 1 3 154 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 155 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 156 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂— 2 3 157 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 158 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 159 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 3 160 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 161 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 162 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 3 163 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 164 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 165 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 166 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 167 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3 168 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 169 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 170 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 171 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 172 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3 173 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 1 174 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 175 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 176 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 177 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 178 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3 179 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 1 180 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 181 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 182 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 183 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 184 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3 185 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 1 186 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 187 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 188 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 189 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 190 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3 191 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 1 192 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 193 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 194 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 195 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 196 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3 197 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 1 198 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 199 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 200 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 201 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 202 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3 203 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 1 204 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 205 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 206 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 207 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 208 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3 209 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 1 210 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 211 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 212 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 213 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 214 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3 215 H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 1 216 H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 2 217 H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 3 218 H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 1 219 H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 2 220 H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 3 221 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 1 222 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 2 223 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 3 224 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 1 225 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 2 226 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 3 227 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 1 228 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 2 229 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 3 230 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 1 231 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 2 232 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 3 233 H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 1 234 H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 2 235 H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 3 236 H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 1 237 H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 2 238 H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 3 239 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 1 240 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 2 241 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 3 242 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 1 243 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 2 244 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 3 245 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 1 246 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 2 247 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 3 248 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 1 249 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 2 250 H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 3 251 H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 1 252 H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 2 253 H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 3 254 H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 1 255 H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 2 256 H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 3 257 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 1 258 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 2 259 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 3 260 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 1 261 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 2 262 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 3 263 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 1 264 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 2 265 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 3 266 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 1 267 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 2 268 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 3 269 H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 1 270 H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 2 271 H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 3 272 H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 1 273 H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 2 274 H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 3 275 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 1 276 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 2 277 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 3 278 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 1 279 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 2 280 CH₃C(O) —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 3 281 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 1 282 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 2 283 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 3 284 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 1 285 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 2 286 CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 3 287 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 1 288 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 290 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 291 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 292 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 293 H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3 294 CH₃C(O) CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 1 295 CH₃C(O) CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 296 CH₃C(O) CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 297 CH₃C(O) CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 298 CH₃C(O) CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 299 CH₃C(O) CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3 300 CH₃ CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 1 301 CH₃ CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 2 302 CH₃ CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 3 303 CH₃ CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 1 304 CH₃ CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 2 305 CH₃ CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 3

Exemplary embodiments include compounds having the formula (XIX) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof:

wherein non-limiting examples of R¹ and R⁶ are defined herein below in Table 19.

TABLE 19 Entry R⁶ R¹⁰ R^(11a) R^(11b) q 1 H H H H 1 2 H H H H 2 3 H H H H 3 4 H H H H 4 5 H H H H 5 6 H H H H 6 7 CH₃C(O) H H H 1 8 CH₃C(O) H H H 2 9 CH₃C(O) H H H 3 10 CH₃C(O) H H H 4 11 CH₃C(O) H H H 5 12 CH₃C(O) H H H 6 13 CH₃ H H H 1 14 CH₃ H H H 2 15 CH₃ H H H 3 16 CH₃ H H H 4 17 CH₃ H H H 5 18 CH₃ H H H 6 19 H H CH₃ H 1 20 H H CH₃ H 2 21 H H CH₃ H 3 22 H H CH₃ H 4 23 H H CH₃ H 5 24 H H CH₃ H 6 25 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ H 1 26 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ H 2 27 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ H 3 28 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ H 4 29 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ H 5 30 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ H 6 31 CH₃ H CH₃ H 1 32 CH₃ H CH₃ H 2 33 CH₃ H CH₃ H 3 34 CH₃ H CH₃ H 4 35 CH₃ H CH₃ H 5 36 CH₃ H CH₃ H 6 37 H H CH₃ CH₃ 1 38 H H CH₃ CH₃ 2 39 H H CH₃ CH₃ 3 40 H H CH₃ CH₃ 4 41 H H CH₃ CH₃ 5 42 H H CH₃ CH₃ 6 43 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ CH₃ 1 44 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ CH₃ 2 45 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ CH₃ 3 46 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ CH₃ 4 47 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ CH₃ 5 48 CH₃C(O) H CH₃ CH₃ 6 49 CH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ 1 50 CH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ 2 51 CH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ 3 52 CH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ 4 53 CH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ 5 54 CH₃ H CH₃ CH₃ 6 55 H CH₃ H H 1 56 H CH₃ H H 2 57 H CH₃ H H 3 58 H CH₃ H H 4 59 H CH₃ H H 5 60 H CH₃ H H 6 61 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H H 1 62 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H H 2 63 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H H 3 64 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H H 4 65 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H H 5 66 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H H 6 67 CH₃ CH₃ H H 1 68 CH₃ CH₃ H H 2 69 CH₃ CH₃ H H 3 70 CH₃ CH₃ H H 4 71 CH₃ CH₃ H H 5 72 CH₃ CH₃ H H 6 73 H CH₃ CH₃ H 1 74 H CH₃ CH₃ H 2 75 H CH₃ CH₃ H 3 76 H CH₃ CH₃ H 4 77 H CH₃ CH₃ H 5 78 H CH₃ CH₃ H 6 79 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ H 1 80 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ H 2 81 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ H 3 82 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ H 4 83 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ H 5 84 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ H 6 85 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ H 1 86 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ H 2 87 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ H 3 88 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ H 4 89 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ H 5 90 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ H 6 91 H CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 1 92 H CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 2 93 H CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 3 94 H CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 4 95 H CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 5 96 H CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 6 97 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 1 98 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 2 99 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 3 100 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 4 101 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 5 102 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 6 103 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 1 104 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 2 105 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 3 106 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 4 107 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 5 108 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 6 109 H H H C(O)CH₃ 1 110 H H H C(O)CH₃ 2 111 H H H C(O)CH₃ 3 112 H H H C(O)CH₃ 4 113 H H H C(O)CH₃ 5 114 H H H C(O)CH₃ 6 115 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₃ 1 116 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₃ 2 117 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₃ 3 118 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₃ 4 119 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₃ 5 120 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₃ 6 121 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₃ 1 122 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₃ 2 123 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₃ 3 124 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₃ 4 125 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₃ 5 126 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₃ 6 127 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 1 128 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 2 129 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 3 130 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 4 131 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 5 132 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 6 133 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 1 134 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 2 135 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 3 136 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 4 137 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 5 138 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 6 139 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 1 140 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 2 141 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 3 142 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 4 143 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 5 144 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₃ 6 145 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 1 146 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 147 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 3 148 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 4 149 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 5 150 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 6 151 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 1 152 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 153 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 3 154 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 4 155 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 5 156 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 6 157 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 1 158 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 2 159 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 3 160 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 4 161 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 5 162 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₃ 6 163 H H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 164 H H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 165 H H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 3 166 H H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 4 167 H H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 5 168 H H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 6 169 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 170 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 171 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 3 172 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 4 173 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 5 174 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 6 175 CH₃ H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 176 CH₃ H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 177 CH₃ H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 3 178 CH₃ H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 4 179 CH₃ H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 5 180 CH₃ H H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 6 181 H CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 182 H CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 183 H CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 3 184 H CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 4 185 H CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 5 186 H CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 6 187 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 188 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 189 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 3 190 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 4 191 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 5 192 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 6 193 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 194 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 195 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 3 196 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 4 197 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 5 198 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 6 199 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 200 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 201 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 3 202 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 4 203 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 5 204 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 6 205 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 206 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 207 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 3 208 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 4 209 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 5 210 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 6 211 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 1 212 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 2 213 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 3 214 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 4 215 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 5 216 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)OC(CH₃)₃ 6 217 H H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 218 H H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 219 H H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 3 220 H H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 4 221 H H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 5 222 H H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 6 223 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 224 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 225 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 3 226 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 4 227 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 5 228 CH₃C(O) H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 6 229 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 230 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 231 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 3 232 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 4 233 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 5 234 CH₃ H H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 6 235 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 236 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 237 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 3 238 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 4 239 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 5 240 H CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 6 241 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 242 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 243 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 3 244 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 4 245 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 5 246 CH₃C(O) CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 6 247 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 248 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 249 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 3 250 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 4 251 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 5 252 CH₃ CH₃ H C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 6 253 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 254 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 255 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 3 256 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 4 257 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 5 258 H CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 6 259 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 260 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 261 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 3 262 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 4 263 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 5 264 CH₃C(O) CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 6 265 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 1 266 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 2 267 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 3 268 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 4 269 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 5 270 CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ C(O)CH₂C(CH₃)₃ 6 271 H H —CH₂CH₂— 1 272 H H —CH₂CH₂— 2 273 H H —CH₂CH₂— 3 274 H H —CH₂CH₂— 4 275 H H —CH₂CH₂— 5 276 H H —CH₂CH₂— 6 277 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 278 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 279 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 3 280 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 4 281 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 5 282 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 6 283 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂— 1 284 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂— 2 285 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂— 3 286 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂— 4 287 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂— 5 288 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂— 6 289 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 290 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 291 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 3 292 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 4 293 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 5 294 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 6 295 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂— 1 296 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂— 2 297 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂— 3 298 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂— 4 299 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂— 5 300 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂— 6 301 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 302 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 303 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 3 304 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 4 305 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 5 306 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 6 307 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 308 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 309 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 310 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 311 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 312 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 313 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 314 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 315 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 316 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 317 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 318 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 319 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 320 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 321 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 322 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 323 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 324 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 325 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 326 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 327 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 328 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 329 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 330 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 331 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 332 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 333 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 334 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 335 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 336 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 337 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 338 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 339 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 340 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 341 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 342 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 343 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 344 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 345 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 346 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 347 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 348 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 349 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 350 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 351 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 352 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 353 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 354 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 355 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 356 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 357 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 358 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 359 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 360 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 361 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 362 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 363 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 364 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 365 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 366 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 367 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 368 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 369 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 370 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 371 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 372 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 373 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 374 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 375 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 376 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 377 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 378 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 379 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 380 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 381 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 382 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 383 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 384 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 385 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 386 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 387 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 388 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 389 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 390 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 391 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 392 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 393 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 394 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 395 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 396 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 397 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 398 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 399 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 400 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 401 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 402 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 403 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 404 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 405 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 406 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 407 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 408 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 409 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 410 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 411 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 412 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 413 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 414 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 415 H H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 416 H H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 417 H H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 3 418 H H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 4 419 H H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 5 420 H H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 6 421 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 422 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 423 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 3 424 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 4 425 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 5 426 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 6 427 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 428 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 429 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 3 430 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 4 431 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 5 432 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 6 433 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 434 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 435 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 3 436 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 4 437 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 5 438 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 6 439 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 440 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 441 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 3 442 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 4 443 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 5 444 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 6 445 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 1 446 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 2 447 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 3 448 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 4 449 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 5 450 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— 6 451 H H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 452 H H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 453 H H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 3 454 H H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 4 455 H H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 5 456 H H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 6 457 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 458 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 459 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 3 460 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 4 461 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 5 462 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 6 463 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 464 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 465 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 3 466 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 4 467 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 5 468 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 6 469 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 470 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 471 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 3 472 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 4 473 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 5 474 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 6 475 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 476 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 477 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 3 478 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 4 479 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 5 480 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 6 481 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 1 482 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 2 483 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 3 484 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 4 485 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 5 486 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂— 6 487 H H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 488 H H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 489 H H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 3 490 H H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 4 491 H H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 5 492 H H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 6 493 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 494 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 495 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 3 496 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 4 497 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 5 498 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 6 499 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 500 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 501 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 3 502 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 4 503 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 5 504 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 6 505 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 506 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 507 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 3 508 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 4 509 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 5 510 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 6 511 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 512 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 513 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 3 514 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 4 515 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 5 516 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 6 517 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 1 518 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 2 519 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 3 520 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 4 521 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 5 522 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂— 6 523 H H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 524 H H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 525 H H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 3 526 H H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 4 527 H H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 5 528 H H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 6 529 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 530 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 531 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 3 532 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 4 533 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 5 534 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 6 535 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 536 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 537 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 3 538 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 4 539 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 5 540 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 6 541 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 542 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 543 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 3 544 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 4 545 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 5 546 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 6 547 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 548 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 549 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 3 550 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 4 551 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 5 552 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 6 553 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 1 554 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 2 555 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 3 556 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 4 557 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 5 558 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— 6 560 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 561 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 562 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 563 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 564 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 565 H H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 566 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 567 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 568 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 569 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 570 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 H CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 CH₃C(O) H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 CH₃C(O) CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 CH₃ H —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 1 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 2 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 3 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 4 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 5 CH₃ CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— 6

-   Non-limiting examples of a compound having formula (I) include: -   (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; -   tert-butyl     5-((R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanoyl)hexa     hydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate; -   (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-oxo-1-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; -   (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; -   (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; -   (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methoxypiperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; -   (R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)propanamide; -   (R)—N-cyclopentyl-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; -   (R)—N-cyclohexyl-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; -   (R)—N-((1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; -   (2R)—N-((1s,3S)-adamantan-1-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; -   (2R)—N-((1R,5R,7S)-adamantan-2-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; -   (R)—N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; -   (R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)propanamide; -   tert-butyl     (1-((R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanoyl)     pyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamate; -   (3S,4R)-4-((2R)-1-(3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; -   (R)—N-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; -   (R)—N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-methylpropanamide; -   (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(4-(dimethylamino)piperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; -   (R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-(piperidin-4-yl)propanamide; -   (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(5,6-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; -   (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(5,6-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; -   (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((2R)-1-(octahydro-2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazin-2-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; -   (3S,4R)-4-((2R)-1-(hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-2(1H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; -   (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((2R)-1-(5-methylhexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-22(1H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; -   3-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-2-piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-azetidin-2-one; -   3-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethyl)-azetidin-2-one;     and -   3-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-4-(1-methyl-2-morpholin-4-yl-2-oxo-ethyl)-azetidin-2-one; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.

For the purposes of demonstrating the manner in which the compounds of the present invention are named and referred to herein, the compound having the formula:

has the chemical name. (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one.

In all of the embodiments provided herein, examples of suitable optional substituents are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention. The compounds of the invention may contain any of the substituents, or combinations of substituents, provided herein.

Process

The present invention further relates to a process for preparing the beta lactams of the present invention.

Compounds of the present teachings can be prepared in accordance with the procedures outlined herein, from commercially available starting materials, compounds known in the literature, or readily prepared intermediates, by employing standard synthetic methods and procedures known to those skilled in the art. Standard synthetic methods and procedures for the preparation of organic molecules and functional group transformations and manipulations can be readily obtained from the relevant scientific literature or from standard textbooks in the field. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions can vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures. Those skilled in the art of organic synthesis will recognize that the nature and order of the synthetic steps presented can be varied for the purpose of optimizing the formation of the compounds described herein.

The processes described herein can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., ¹H or ¹³C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), mass spectrometry, or by chromatography such as high pressure liquid chromatograpy (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), or thin layer chromatography (TLC).

Preparation of the compounds can involve protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection and the selection of appropriate protecting groups can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed. (Wiley & Sons, 1991), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

The reactions or the processes described herein can be carried out in suitable solvents which can be readily selected by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Suitable solvents typically are substantially nonreactive with the reactants, intermediates, and/or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, i.e., temperatures that can range from the solvent's freezing temperature to the solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for a particular reaction step can be selected.

The compounds of these teachings can be prepared by methods known in the art of organic chemistry. The reagents used in the preparation of the compounds of these teachings can be either commercially obtained or can be prepared by standard procedures described in the literature. For example, compounds of the present invention can be prepared according to the method illustrated in the General Synthetic Schemes:

General Synthetic Schemes for Preparation of Compounds

The reagents used in the preparation of the compounds of this invention can be either commercially obtained or can be prepared by standard procedures described in the literature. In accordance with this invention, compounds in the genus may be produced by one of the following reaction schemes.

Compounds of formula (4) may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 1.

A compound of the formula (1) is reacted with a compound of the formula (2), a known compound or a compound prepared using known methods, in the presence of a coupling agent such as 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, O-Benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluorophosphate, O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, Benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate, and the like, in an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, dimethylformamide, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and the like, optionally in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, and the like, optionally in the presence of 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, to provide a compound of the formula (3). A compound of the formula (3) is then reacted with hydrogen fluoride in pyridine, optionally in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, dimethylformamide, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and the like to provide a compound of the formula (4). Alternatively, a compound of the formula (3) is reacted with hydrogen fluoride in triethylamine, optionally in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, dimethylformamide, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and the like to provide a compound of the formula (4). Alternatively, a compound of the formula (3) is reacted with an acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, and the like, optionally in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, dimethylformamide, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and the like to provide a compound of the formula (4).

A compound of the formula (9) may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 2.

A compound of the formula (5) is reacted with a compound of the formula (6), a known compound or a compound prepared using known methods, optionally in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, and the like, optionally in the presence of 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, in an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, dimethylformamide, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, acetonitrile, and the like to provide a compound of the formula (7). A compound of the formula (7) is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as palladium on carbon, palladium acetate, palladium bis(triphenylphosphine) dichloride, palladium tetrakis(triphenylphospine), bis(acetonitrile), and the like, in an organic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, and the like to provide a compound of the formula (8). A compound of the formula (8) is reacted with a compound of the formula (2), a known compound or a compound prepared using known methods, in the presence of a coupling agent such as 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, O-Benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluorophosphate, O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl uronium hexafluorophosphate, Benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate, 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl morpholinium chloride and the like, in an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, dimethylformamide, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and the like, optionally in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, and the like, optionally in the presence of 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, to provide a compound of the formula (9).

The Examples provided below provide representative methods for preparing exemplary compounds of the present invention. The skilled practitioner will know how to substitute the appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methods known to those skilled in the art, in order to prepare the compounds of the present invention.

¹H-NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker 400-MHz NMR. Purity (%) and mass spectral data were determined with an Agilent Technologies HPLC/MS (Zorbax SB-C18, 2.1×30 mm, 3.5 □m) with a diode array detector from 210-400 nm.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 provides methods for preparing representative compounds of formula (I). The skilled practitioner will know how to substitute the appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methods known to those skilled in the art, in order to prepare additional compounds of the present invention.

Example 1: (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one

To a solution of (R)-2-((2S,3S)-3-((R)-1-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanoic acid (0.5 g, 1.66 mmol) in N, N-dimethylformamide (10 ml) was added N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate (0.75 g, 1.99 mmol) and diethylisopropylamine (0.85 g, 6.64 mmol). After stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes, N-methyl homopiperazine (0.23 g, 1.99 mmol) was added and stirred for 18 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The remaining oil was dissolved in 100 ml ethyl acetate and extracted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ followed by saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to an oil under reduced pressure. The crude oil was purified by flash chromatography using MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ as eluent to afford (1, 0.25 g, 38%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 6.28 (s, 1H), 4.14 (m, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J=1.8 Hz, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.67-3.49 (m, 4H), 2.99 (m, 1H), 2.84 (m, 1H), 2.74 (m, 3H), 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.97 (m, 1H), 1.83 (m, 1H), 1.12 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (dd, J=3.4 Hz, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (s, 9H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.001 (s, 3H). LC/MS M+1=398.3

Example 2: (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one

To a solution of (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one (0.23 g, 0.58 mmol) in 5 mL tetrahydrofuran at 0° C., 0.5 mL HF/Pyridine (70%) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction was cooled in an ice bath and quenched with concentrated NH₄OH and the solution was adjusted to pH 7. The resulting suspension was filtered and the filtrate was purified on a reverse phase 50 g C₁₈ column using H2O/CH₃CN as eluent to afford (0.12 g, 73%) as off white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 4.14 (quin, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (dd, J=1.2 Hz, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.74-3.47 (m, 4H), 3.03 (m, 1H), 2.87 (m, 1H), 2.74 (m, 1H), 2.61 (m, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.00 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.25 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). LC/MS M+1=284.4.

Example 3: tert-butyl 5-((R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanoyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with tert-butyl hexahydropyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 4.95 (quin, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.66 (dd, J=1.7 Hz, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.57-3.39 (m, 4H), 3.4 (m, 1H), 3.15 (m, 2H), 2.94 (m, 2H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.15 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (dd, J=1.7 Hz, J=6.9 Hz 3H). LC/MS M+23=404.2, M−56=326.

Example 4: (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-oxo-1-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with 4-phenylpiperidine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4)) δ 7.42 (m, 5H), 4.86 (bdd, J=2.0 Hz, J=13 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (d, J=13 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (m, 1H), 3.93 (td, =2.0 Hz, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 3.26 (m, 1H), 3.01 (m, 2H), 2.90 (td, J=2.0 Hz, J=13 Hz, 1H), 2.09 (m, 2H), 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.25 (dd, J=6.4 Hz, J=9.9 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (dd, J=6.9 Hz J=10.0 Hz, 3H). LC/MS M+1=331.1.

Example 5: (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with 4-phenylpiperidin-4-ol. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.51 (td, J=1.4 Hz, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=14 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (bd, J=12 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (m, 1H), 4.04 (bd, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (m, 1H), 3.64 (m, 1H), 3.13 (m, 2H), 2.86 (m, 1H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.28 (dd, J=6.3 Hz, J=9.2 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (dd, J=6.9 Hz J=8.9 Hz, 3H). LC/MS M+1=347.2.

Example 6: (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with 4-methylpiperidine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.03 (dd, J=6.3 Hz, J=14.7 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (td, J=2.1 Hz, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (m, 1H), 3.07 (m, 1H), 2.78 (m, 1H), 2.63 (tt, J=3.1 Hz, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (m, 3H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.25 (dd, J=6.1 Hz J=11.5 Hz, 3H), 1.20 (dd, J=7.0 Hz J=9.6 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 3H). LC/MS M+1=268.2.

Example 7: (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methoxypiperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with 4-methoxylpiperidine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 4.03 (m, 1H), 3.86 (m, 2H), 3.73 (m, 1H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 3.45 (m, 1H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 3.07 (quin, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (dd, J=2.1 Hz, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.90 (m, 2H), 1.56 (m, 2H), 1.25 (dd, J=1.8 Hz, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H). LC/MS M+1=285.1.

Example 8: (R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)propanamide

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with 1-methylpiperidin-4-amine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 4.03 (quin, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 2.91 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (bs, 1H) 2.45 (quin, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.18 (t, J=11.7 Hz, 2H), 1.90 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 2H), 1.54 (q, J=11.2 Hz, 2H), 1.20 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 3H). LC/MS M+1=285.1.

Example 9: (R)—N-cyclopentyl-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with cyclopentaneamine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.01 (s, 1H), 4.04 (hept, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (quin, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.90 (m, 2H), 1.71 (m, 2H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 1.20 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H). LC/MS M+1=255.

Example 10: (R)—N-cyclohexyl-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with cyclohexaneamine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.89 (s, 1H), 3.98 (quin, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (m, 1H), 2.85 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (quin, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.80 (m, 2H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.30 (m, 2H), 1.20 (m, 2H), 1.16 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H). LC/MS M+1=269.2.

Example 11: (R)—N-((1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with (1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.91 (s, 1H), 3.98 (quin, J=6.51 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (dt, J=2.1 Hz, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (m, 1H), 2.89 (m, 1H), 2.43 (m, 1H), 2.26 (m, 1H), 2.15 (d, J=16 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.50 (m, 3H), 1.30 (m, 1H), 1.20 (m, 2H), 1.16 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H). LC/MS M+1=281.

Example 12: (2R)—N-((1s,3S)-adamantan-1-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with (1s,3s)-adamantan-1-amine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.43 (s, 1H), 4.04 (quin, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (dt, J=2.0 Hz, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (dt, J=2.0 Hz, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (quin, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 6H), 1.73 (s, 6H), 1.24 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.17 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). LC/MS M+1=321.

Example 13: (2R)—N-((1R,5R,7S)-adamantan-2-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with (1r,5R,7S)-adamantan-2-amine ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 3.95 (quin, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 1H) 3.61 (dt, J=2.0 Hz, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (dt, J=2.0 Hz, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (quin, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.95 (bd, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (m, 9H), 1.54 (bd, J=13.2 Hz 2H), 1.12 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 6H). LC/MS M+1=321.

Example 14: (R)—N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with N¹,N¹-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.64 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (m, 2H), 2.94 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (m, 1H), 2.37 (s, 6H), 1.21 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=258.1 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 15: (R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)propanamide

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with N, 1-dimethylpiperidin-4-amine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.73 (m, 1H), 3.01 (m, 2H), 3.00 (s, 3H), 2.80 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.19 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.97 (m, 4H), 1.20 (m, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=298.2 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 16: tert-butyl (1-((R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamate

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with tert-butyl pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.08-4.16 (m, 1H), 4.02 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.85 (m, 5H), 2.79-2.91 (m, 2H), 2.09-2.22 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.44 (bs, 9H), 1.19-1.23 (m, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=356.2 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 17: (3S,4R)-4-((2R)-1-(3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with N,N-dimethylpyrrolidin-3-amine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.96 (m, 4H), 3.13-3.37 (m, 1H), 2.77-2.94 (m, 3H), 2.32 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 6H), 2.15-2.26 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.18-1.23 (m, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=284.2 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 18: (R)—N-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with 1-benzylpiperidin-4-amine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.32 (m, 4H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 4.02 (m, 1H), 3.64 (m, 2H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 2.88 (m, 3H), 2.43 (m, 1H), 2.13 (m, 2H), 1.84 (m, 2H), 1.52 (m, 2H), 1.19 (m, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=360.2 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 19: (R)—N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-methylpropanamide

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with N¹,N¹,N²-trimethylethane-1,2-diamine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.72 (m, 1H), 3.60 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 3.01 (m, 1H), 2.86 (dd, J=2.1 Hz, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (m, 2H), 1.22 (m, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=272.2 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 20: (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(4-(dimethylamino)piperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with N,N-dimethylpiperidin-4-amine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.61 (bd, J=13.7 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (bd, J=12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (sextet, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (dt, J=1.9 Hz, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.49-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.03-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.79 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.56-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.37 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 6H), 1.99 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.22 (m, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=298.2 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 21: (R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-(piperidin-4-yl)propanamide

(R)—N-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide (40 mg; 0.111 mmol) was dissolved into methanol (4.0 mL). 10% Palladium on carbon (10 mg) was added and this mixture was stirred under hydrogen (1 atmosphere) at room temperature for 4.5 hours. The reaction solution was filtered through celite and concentrated to yield the titled compound as a colorless glassy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.02 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.75 (m, 2H), 3.03 (m, 2H), 2.90 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (m, 2H), 2.44 (p, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.19 (m, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=270.2 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 22: (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(5,6-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-7 (8H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-homopiperazine was replaced with 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.08 (s, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (m, 1H), 4.76 (q, J=20 Hz, 1H), 3.99-4.15 (m, 5H), 3.77 (m, 1H), 3.17 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 1.22 (m, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=293.1 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 23: (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(5,6-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 5.05 (m, 2H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.07 (m, 4H), 3.76 (m, 1H), 3.19 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (m, 1H), 1.23 (m, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=294.1 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 24: (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((2R)-1-(octahydro-2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazin-2-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with octahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.42 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, J=51.1 Hz, 1H), 3.85-4.04 (m, 2H), 3.72 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.36-3.30 (m, 6H), 1.61-2.12 (m, 7H), 1.37 (m, 1H), 1.22 (m, 7H); ESIMS: m/z=310.1 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 25: (3S,4R)-4-((2R)-1-(hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-2(1H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.58 (dd, J=14.6 Hz, J=46.1 Hz, 1H), 3.99-4.21 (m, 2H), 3.73 (m, 1H), 3.28 (m, 1H), 3.08 (m, 3H), 2.78-2.95 (m, 2H), 1.80-2.46 (m, 6H), 1.43 (m, 1H), 1.21 (m, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=296.1 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 26: (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((2R)-1-(5-methylhexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with 2-methyloctahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.88 (m, 1H), 3.71 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.67 (m, 3H), 3.00 (m, 1H), 2.90 (m, 3H), 2.69 (m, 2H), 2.50 (m, 2H), 2.35 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (m, 6H); ESIMS: m/z=296.2 [(M+H)⁺].

Example 27: 3-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-2-piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with piperidine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Choroform-d) δ 6.0 (s, 1H), 4.09 (m, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J=2.1 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (m, 1H), 3.51 (m, 1H), 3.41 (m, 2H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 2.67 (dd, J=2.2 Hz, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 1.66 (m, 6H), 1.33 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). LC/MS; M+1=255.

Example 28: 3-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethyl)-azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with pyrrolidine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Choroform-d) δ 6.19 (s, 1H), 4.08 (m, 1H), 3.80 (dd, J=2.2 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (m, 4H), 2.70 (dd, J=2.1 Hz, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 1.99 (m, 2H), 1.89 (q, 2H), 1.31 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). LC/MS; M+1=241.

Example 29: 3-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-4-(1-methyl-2-morpholin-4-yl-2-oxo-ethyl)-azetidin-2-one

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures of examples 1 and 2 except that N-methyl homopiperazine was replaced with morpholine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Choroform-d) δ 6.1 (s, 1H), 4.10 (m, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J=2.1 Hz, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (m, 6H), 3.49 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (m, 2H), 1.33 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.23 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). LC/MS; M+1=257.

Formulations

The present invention also relates to compositions or formulations which comprise the beta lactams according to the present invention. In general, the compositions of the present invention comprise an effective amount of one or more beta lactams and salts thereof according to the present invention which are effective for providing treatment of drug addiction, drug withdrawal, related conditions, and diseases that involve modulation of glutamate uptake in their etiology; and one or more excipients.

For the purposes of the present invention the term “excipient” and “carrier” are used interchangeably throughout the description of the present invention and said terms are defined herein as, “ingredients which are used in the practice of formulating a safe and effective pharmaceutical composition.”

The formulator will understand that excipients are used primarily to serve in delivering a safe, stable, and functional pharmaceutical, serving not only as part of the overall vehicle for delivery but also as a means for achieving effective absorption by the recipient of the active ingredient. An excipient may fill a role as simple and direct as being an inert filler, or an excipient as used herein may be part of a pH stabilizing system or coating to insure delivery of the ingredients safely to the stomach. The formulator can also take advantage of the fact the compounds of the present invention have improved cellular potency, pharmacokinetic properties, as well as improved oral bioavailability.

The present teachings also provide pharmaceutical compositions that include at least one compound described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents. Examples of such carriers are well known to those skilled in the art and can be prepared in accordance with acceptable pharmaceutical procedures, such as, for example, those described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th edition, ed. Alfonoso R. Gennaro, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1985), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a substance that is acceptable for use in pharmaceutical applications from a toxicological perspective and does not adversely interact with the active ingredient. Accordingly, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are those that are compatible with the other ingredients in the formulation and are biologically acceptable. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the pharmaceutical compositions.

Compounds of the present teachings can be administered orally or parenterally, neat or in combination with conventional pharmaceutical carriers. Applicable solid carriers can include one or more substances which can also act as flavoring agents, lubricants, solubilizers, suspending agents, fillers, glidants, compression aids, binders or tablet-disintegrating agents, or encapsulating materials. The compounds can be formulated in conventional manner, for example, in a manner similar to that used for known beta lactams. Oral formulations containing a compound disclosed herein can comprise any conventionally used oral form, including tablets, capsules, buccal forms, troches, lozenges and oral liquids, suspensions or solutions. In powders, the carrier can be a finely divided solid, which is an admixture with a finely divided compound. In tablets, a compound disclosed herein can be mixed with a carrier having the necessary compression properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. The powders and tablets can contain up to 99% of the compound.

Capsules can contain mixtures of one or more compound(s) disclosed herein with inert filler(s) and/or diluent(s) such as pharmaceutically acceptable starches (e.g., corn, potato or tapioca starch), sugars, artificial sweetening agents, powdered celluloses (e.g., crystalline and microcrystalline celluloses), flours, gelatins, gums, and the like.

Useful tablet formulations can be made by conventional compression, wet granulation or dry granulation methods and utilize pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, binding agents, lubricants, disintegrants, surface modifying agents (including surfactants), suspending or stabilizing agents, including, but not limited to, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, polyvinylpyrrolidine, alginic acid, acacia gum, xanthan gum, sodium citrate, complex silicates, calcium carbonate, glycine, sucrose, sorbitol, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, low melting waxes, and ion exchange resins. Surface modifying agents include nonionic and anionic surface modifying agents. Representative examples of surface modifying agents include, but are not limited to, poloxamer 188, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, cetostearl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, colloidal silicon dioxide, phosphates, sodium dodecylsulfate, magnesium aluminum silicate, and triethanolamine. Oral formulations herein can utilize standard delay or time-release formulations to alter the absorption of the compound(s). The oral formulation can also consist of administering a compound disclosed herein in water or fruit juice, containing appropriate solubilizers or emulsifiers as needed.

Liquid carriers can be used in preparing solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, and for inhaled delivery. A compound of the present teachings can be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier such as water, an organic solvent, or a mixture of both, or a pharmaceutically acceptable oils or fats. The liquid carrier can contain other suitable pharmaceutical additives such as solubilizers, emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, flavoring agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, colors, viscosity regulators, stabilizers, and osmo-regulators. Examples of liquid carriers for oral and parenteral administration include, but are not limited to, water (particularly containing additives as described herein, e.g., cellulose derivatives such as a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution), alcohols (including monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols, e.g., glycols) and their derivatives, and oils (e.g., fractionated coconut oil and arachis oil). For parenteral administration, the carrier can be an oily ester such as ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate. Sterile liquid carriers are used in sterile liquid form compositions for parenteral administration. The liquid carrier for pressurized compositions can be halogenated hydrocarbon or other pharmaceutically acceptable propellants.

Liquid pharmaceutical compositions, which are sterile solutions or suspensions, can be utilized by, for example, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection. Sterile solutions can also be administered intravenously. Compositions for oral administration can be in either liquid or solid form.

Preferably the pharmaceutical composition is in unit dosage form, for example, as tablets, capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, granules, or suppositories. In such form, the pharmaceutical composition can be sub-divided in unit dose(s) containing appropriate quantities of the compound. The unit dosage forms can be packaged compositions, for example, packeted powders, vials, ampoules, prefilled syringes or sachets containing liquids. Alternatively, the unit dosage form can be a capsule or tablet itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any such compositions in package form. Such unit dosage form can contain from about 1 mg/kg of compound to about 500 mg/kg of compound, and can be given in a single dose or in two or more doses. Such doses can be administered in any manner useful in directing the compound(s) to the recipient's bloodstream, including orally, via implants, parenterally (including intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections), rectally, vaginally, and transdermally.

When administered for the treatment or inhibition of a particular disease state or disorder, it is understood that an effective dosage can vary depending upon the particular compound utilized, the mode of administration, and severity of the condition being treated, as well as the various physical factors related to the individual being treated. In therapeutic applications, a compound of the present teachings can be provided to a patient already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially ameliorate the symptoms of the disease and its complications. The dosage to be used in the treatment of a specific individual typically must be subjectively determined by the attending physician. The variables involved include the specific condition and its state as well as the size, age and response pattern of the patient.

In some cases it may be desirable to administer a compound directly to the airways of the patient, using devices such as, but not limited to, metered dose inhalers, breath-operated inhalers, multidose dry-powder inhalers, pumps, squeeze-actuated nebulized spray dispensers, aerosol dispensers, and aerosol nebulizers. For administration by intranasal or intrabronchial inhalation, the compounds of the present teachings can be formulated into a liquid composition, a solid composition, or an aerosol composition. The liquid composition can include, by way of illustration, one or more compounds of the present teachings dissolved, partially dissolved, or suspended in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvents and can be administered by, for example, a pump or a squeeze-actuated nebulized spray dispenser. The solvents can be, for example, isotonic saline or bacteriostatic water. The solid composition can be, by way of illustration, a powder preparation including one or more compounds of the present teachings intermixed with lactose or other inert powders that are acceptable for intrabronchial use, and can be administered by, for example, an aerosol dispenser or a device that breaks or punctures a capsule encasing the solid composition and delivers the solid composition for inhalation. The aerosol composition can include, by way of illustration, one or more compounds of the present teachings, propellants, surfactants, and co-solvents, and can be administered by, for example, a metered device. The propellants can be a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), a hydrofluoroalkane (HFA), or other propellants that are physiologically and environmentally acceptable.

Compounds described herein can be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally. Solutions or suspensions of these compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, or esters thereof can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxyl-propylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations typically contain a preservative to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injection can include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In some embodiments, the form can sterile and its viscosity permits it to flow through a syringe. The form preferably is stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and can be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.

Compounds described herein can be administered transdermally, i.e., administered across the surface of the body and the inner linings of bodily passages including epithelial and mucosal tissues. Such administration can be carried out using the compounds of the present teachings including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, or esters thereof, in lotions, creams, foams, patches, suspensions, solutions, and suppositories (rectal and vaginal).

Transdermal administration can be accomplished through the use of a transdermal patch containing a compound, such as a compound disclosed herein, and a carrier that can be inert to the compound, can be non-toxic to the skin, and can allow delivery of the compound for systemic absorption into the blood stream via the skin. The carrier can take any number of forms such as creams and ointments, pastes, gels, and occlusive devices. The creams and ointments can be viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions of either the oil-in-water or water-in-oil type. Pastes comprised of absorptive powders dispersed in petroleum or hydrophilic petroleum containing the compound can also be suitable. A variety of occlusive devices can be used to release the compound into the blood stream, such as a semi-permeable membrane covering a reservoir containing the compound with or without a carrier, or a matrix containing the compound. Other occlusive devices are known in the literature.

Compounds described herein can be administered rectally or vaginally in the form of a conventional suppository. Suppository formulations can be made from traditional materials, including cocoa butter, with or without the addition of waxes to alter the suppository's melting point, and glycerin. Water-soluble suppository bases, such as polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, can also be used.

Lipid formulations or nanocapsules can be used to introduce compounds of the present teachings into host cells either in vitro or in vivo. Lipid formulations and nanocapsules can be prepared by methods known in the art.

To increase the effectiveness of compounds of the present teachings, it can be desirable to combine a compound with other agents effective in the treatment of the target disease. For example, other active compounds (i.e., other active ingredients or agents) effective in treating the target disease can be administered with compounds of the present teachings. The other agents can be administered at the same time or at different times than the compounds disclosed herein.

Compounds of the present teachings can be useful for the treatment or inhibition of a pathological condition or disorder in a mammal, for example, a human subject. The present teachings accordingly provide methods of treating or inhibiting a pathological condition or disorder by providing to a mammal a compound of the present teachings including its pharmaceutically acceptable salt) or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds of the present teachings in combination or association with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Compounds of the present teachings can be administered alone or in combination with other therapeutically effective compounds or therapies for the treatment or inhibition of the pathological condition or disorder.

Non-limiting examples of compositions according to the present invention include from about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg of one or more beta lactams according to the present invention and one or more excipients; from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg of one or more beta lactams according to the present invention and one or more excipients; and from about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg of one or more beta lactams according to the present invention; and one or more excipients.

Procedures

The following procedures can be utilized in evaluating and selecting compounds as modulators of glutamate uptake, useful in the treatment of drug addiction, drug withdrawal, related conditions, and diseases that involve modulation of glutamate uptake in their etiology such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), malignant glioma, glioblastomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain.

Primary Cortical Astrocyte Cultures:

Astrocyte cultures were prepared according to previously established protocols (Aschner et al. 1992). Astrocytes were isolated from cerebral cortices of newborn (1-day-old) Sprague-Dawley rats. Pups were decapitated under halothane-anesthesia, and the cerebral cortices were dissected out. The meninges were removed, and the cortices were digested with bacterial neutral protease (Dispase, Invitrogen, Eugene, Oreg., USA). Astrocytes were then recovered by the repeated removal of dissociated cells and plated at a density of 1×10⁵ cells/mL. Twenty-four hours after the initial plating, the media were changed to preserve the adhering astrocytes and to remove neurons and oligodendrocytes. The cultures were maintained at 37° C. in a 95% air/5% CO₂ incubator for 3 weeks in minimum essential medium (MEM) with Earle's salts supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/mL of penicillin and 100 μg/mL of streptomycin. The media were changed twice per week. The purity of these cultures was >95%-positive for the astrocyte-specific marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Glutamate Uptake Assay:

Glutamate uptake was measured as previously described (Mutkus et al. 2005), with a minor modification. Astrocytes (24-well plates) were treated with compounds in Opti-MEM reduced serum media for 30 minutes. Next, the culture media were washed 2× and replaced with the uptake buffer, pre-warmed HEPES-buffered solution containing 122 mM NaCl, 3.3 mM KCl, 0.4 mM MgSO₄, 1.3 mM CaCl₂, 1.2 mM KH₂PO₄, 25 mM HEPES, and 10 mM D-(+)-glucose, pH of 7.4. Five min later, pre-warmed uptake buffer containing 0.25 μCi/ml L-[³H]-glutamate (specific activity: 49.0 μCi/mmol, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J., USA) and unlabeled glutamate at a final concentration of 100 nM (Liang et al. 2002) was added. Uptake was terminated after 10 minutes of incubation at 37° C. by three washes with ice-cold PBS, immediately followed by cell lysis in 1 mL of 1 N NaOH. An aliquot of 750 μL was neutralized in 75 μL of 10 N HCl, and radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation counter (LS 6500, Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Calif., USA). Protein content was determined using a 25 μL aliquot neutralized in 1 N HCl, and quantified using the bicinchoninic acid protein assay reagent kit (Pierce, Rockford, Ill., USA). Radioactivity counts were corrected for protein levels and calculated as glutamate nmol/mg protein/minute. Experiments were performed in quadruplicates in three independent cultures.

Measurement of the Extracellular L-Glutamate Concentrations

A series of experiments was carried out to determine the rate of glutamate disappearance from the media as a surrogate measure of glutamate uptake in astrocytes. Extracellular glutamate levels were measured by a fluorimetric method, using the Amplex Red Glutamic Acid assay kit (Invitrogen). Cells in 96-well plates were treated with Mn, E2 or TX in Opti-MEM media for the indicated times. Immediately thereafter, the uptake buffer containing glutamic acid (20 μM) was replaced with media in each well. After 30 minutes of incubation, 50 μL of supernatants from each sample was transferred into 96-well plates, followed by the addition of 50 μL of substrate mixture containing 100 μM Amplex Red, 0.25 U/mL horseradish peroxidase, 0.08 U/mL L-glutamate oxidase, 0.5 U/mL L-glutamatepyruvate transaminase, 200 IM L-alanine and 1⋅ reaction buffer. After 30 min of incubation at 37° C., fluorescence was measured in a fluorescence microplate reader (FlexStation, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif., USA) with excitation-emission at 530-590 nm.

Primary Neuron-Astrocyte Co-Culture

Primary astroglial cells were cultured from postnatal 2-3 days mouse pups. Cortices were dissected out and dissociated with papain and subsequently cultured on collagen-coated T75 flask in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). At DIV14 astrogial cells were seeded into collagen-coated 6-well plates at a concentration of 7×10⁵ cells/well. Primary cortical neurons were isolated from cortices of E16 embryonic mice. After dissociated with papain, 1 million neurons were seeded per well on the top of the confluent astrocytes. Co-cultures were first maintained in Neurobasal medium supplemented with 5% FBS and 2% B-27. After 4 days half of the medium was changed into serum free Neurobasal medium supplemented with 2% B27. Cells were treated with compounds of the disclosure at DIV5 for 3-6 days accordingly.

In Vitro Screen for GLT-1 Uptake Activity in Primary Neuron-Astrocyte Co-Culture:

0.5 μM L-glutamate (cold:radioactive=99:1) and 0.3 μCi L-[³H]glutamate per sample (PerkinElmer) are used for measuring glutamate uptake in mixed neuron-astrocyte cultures. Cells are first washed and pre-incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes in Na⁺ buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, 10 mM HEPES, 140 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl₂, 1.2 mM MgCl₂, 1.2 mM K₂HPO₄, and 10 mM D-glucose) in the presence or absence of compounds of the disclosure. Glutamate uptake reaction is started by incubating cells for 5 minutes at 37° C. in Na⁺ buffer containing 0.5 μM L-glutamate and 0.3 μCi L-[³H] glutamate per sample, followed by rapid washing twice with ice-cold Na⁺-free assay buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, 10 mM HEPES, 140 mM Choline-Cl, 2.5 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl₂, 1.2 mM MgCl₂, 1.2 mM K₂HPO₄, and 10 mM D-glucose). Cells are then lysed with 0.1N NaOH solution and radioactivity is measured using a scintillation counter. Protein concentrations is measured from the cell lysate using the Bradford method. Uptake data is normalized to total protein.

In Vitro Screen for XCT Activity:

U87 human glioblastoma-astrocytoma cells (ATCC number HTB14) were seeded at 0.067×10⁶ cells per well and grown to confluency in 12-well plates for 6 days. On the day of the experiment, the cells were washed with pre-warmed (37° C.) sodium free uptake buffer (contents in mM: choline chloride 137.5, KCl 5.36, KH₂PO₄ 0.77, MgSO₄ 0.71, CaCl₂ 1.1, Glucose 10 and HEPES 10, pH 7.4) and incubated at 37° C., for 15 minutes using 80 μM L-[¹⁴C(U)]-cystine and at a specific activity of 1.35 μCi/lmol in the presence and compounds of the disclosure. L-[¹⁴C(U)]-cystine uptake was terminated by three washes with ice-cold uptake buffer. Subsequently, cells were lysed with 0.1 N NaOH and the radioactivity in the cells measured using a liquid scintillation counter and the counts normalized to the protein contents. The data were then normalized to the ‘totals’ (uptake at 37° C. in the absence compounds of the disclosure) and ‘blanks’ (uptake at 0° C. in the absence of compounds of the disclosure) and presented as percent inhibition ((1-(Unknown-blanks)/(totals-blanks))×100). Subsequently, the inhibitory constant at 50% inhibition (IC₅₀) was calculated using GraphPad Prism.

Rat Screening with Cocaine for GLT-1 Activity:

Rats were trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine (n=14) in a standard 2-lever operant chamber where each press on the active lever yielded delivery of 0.25 mg cocaine and the presentation of drug-paired cues: a stimulus light above the lever and a tone (4900 Hz). Animals underwent 12 sessions of cocaine self-administration, with a requirement of a minimum of 10 infusions attained per session. A control group (SAL; n=7) received saline infusions when their cocaine counterpart received cocaine. Following the self-administration (or yoked-saline) portion of the experiment, animals underwent extinction training, during which time presses on the previously active lever no longer resulted in cocaine or cue delivery. Animals went through extinction training for 3 weeks. For the last 6 days of extinction training (prior to sacrifice) a subset of the cocaine animals (Coc-MC; n=7) was treated with compounds of the disclosure (I.P. dosing) while the remaining subset (Coc-Veh; n=7) were injected with vehicle (sterile water; 0.3 mL). Animals were sacrificed, the nucleus accumbens core was dissected and processed to isolate a membrane-enriched fraction. Proteins were separated using 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membrane. The membranes were blocked in 3% milk and probed overnight at 4° C. with primary antibody against GLT-1 (1:1000, Chemicon). Membranes were washed with TBS-Tween-20 and incubated with secondary antibody at room temperature. After visualization (Pierce Western Mouse Pico Kit) band density was measured with NIH Image J software. The membranes were then re-blotted for calnexin (1:20,000; Stressgen), an endoplasmic reticulum protein used to control for the amount of protein loaded in each lane. The immunoreactivity of each GLT-1 band was normalized to calnexin and the averages within each treatment group were compared. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having formula (I):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: A is selected from the group consisting of

e is 1 or 2; g is 1, 2, or 3; n is 1 or 2; m is 1, 2, or 3; q is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, C(O)R², C(O)OR³, C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b), SO₂R₅, SO₂NH₂, and SO₂NR^(5a)R^(5b); each occurrence of R² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; each occurrence of R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; each occurrence of R^(4a) is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; each occurrence of R^(4b) is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; each occurrence of R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; R^(5a) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; R^(5b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and C(O)R⁸; R^(7a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy, C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy, and optionally substituted aryl; R^(7b) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy, C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy; R^(7c) hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; each occurrence of R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl; R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C₁₋₆ linear alkoxy, C₃₋₇ branched alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl, NR^(12a)R^(12b) NHC(O)R¹³, NHC(O)OR¹³, NHSO₂R⁵, and NHSO₂NH₂; R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl; R^(11a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, C(O)R², C(O)OR³, C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b), SO₂R⁵, and SO₂NH₂; R^(11b) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl; or R^(11a) and R^(11b) may optionally be joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 3, 4, or 5 atoms; or R^(11a) and R^(11b) may optionally be joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 6 or 7 atoms, optionally containing an group selected from oxygen, sulfur and NR¹⁴; each occurrence of R^(12a) and R^(12b) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, or R^(12a) and R^(12b) may optionally be joined together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a ring containing 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 atoms; each occurrence of R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl; R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl; X is selected from the group consisting of CR^(15a)R^(15b) and NR¹⁶; R^(15a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl NR^(12a)R^(12b), NHC(O)R¹³, and NHC(O)OR¹³; R^(15b) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, and C₃₋₇ branched alkyl; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ linear alkyl, C₃₋₇ branched alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted benzyl, C(O)R², C(O)OR³, C(O)NR^(4a)R^(4b), SO₂R⁵, and SO₂NH₂; and R^(17a) and R^(17b) are at each occurrence independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (II):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (III):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having (IV):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (V):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (VI):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (VII):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (VIII):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (IX):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (X):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XI):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XII):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XIII):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XVI):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XV):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XVI):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XVII):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XVIII):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 19. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XIX):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 20. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XX):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 21. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XXI):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 22. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound having formula (XXII):

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 23. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; tert-butyl 5-((R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanoyl)hexa hydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate; (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-oxo-1-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((R)-1-(4-methoxypiperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; (R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)propanamide; (R)—N-cyclopentyl-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; (R)—N-cyclohexyl-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; (R)—N-((1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; (2R)—N-((1 s,3S)-adamantan-1-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; (2R)—N-((1R,5R,7S)-adamantan-2-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; (R)—N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; (R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)propanamide; tert-butyl (1-((R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamate; (3S,4R)-4-((2R)-1-(3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; (R)—N-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)propanamide; (R)—N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-methylpropanamide; (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(4-(dimethylamino)piperidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; (R)-2-((2R,3S)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl)-N-(piperidin-4-yl)propanamide; (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(5,6-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; (3S,4R)-4-((R)-1-(5,6-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((2R)-1-(octahydro-2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazin-2-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; (3S,4R)-4-((2R)-1-(hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-2(1H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)azetidin-2-one; (3S,4R)-3-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-((2R)-1-(5-methylhexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-22(1H)-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)azetidin-2-one; 3-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-2-piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-azetidin-2-one; 3-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethyl)-azetidin-2-one; and 3-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-4-(1-methyl-2-morpholin-4-yl-2-oxo-ethyl)-azetidin-2-one; or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.
 24. A composition comprising an effective amount of at least one compound according to claim
 1. 25. The composition according to claim 24, wherein the composition further comprises at least one excipient. 